Hydrogeological Implications of Slope and Land Use/Land Cover Distribution in Part of Southern, Nigeria

The study focuses on the hydrogeological implications of slope and Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) distributions in the Aniocha and Oshimili regions of Nigeria. Understanding the spatial variations in these parameters is critical for effective groundwater management and sustainable land use planning in these areas. The aim is to assess the spatial distribution of slopes and LULC types and their impact on groundwater recharge and surface runoff in the study area. The study employs spatial analysis techniques to categorize slope data into five classes and LULC data into seven types for the years 2017 and 2023. The analysis covers Aniocha North, Aniocha South, Ika North, Ika South, Oshimili North, and Oshimili South. The slope analysis reveals that the largest area (1022.73 km²) falls within the 0-1.52° slope category, indicating predominantly flat terrain with high infiltration potential. The LULC analysis shows that in 2017, trees covered the most extensive area (2143.21 km²), which decreased to 1573.76 km² by 2023, indicating significant deforestation. Built areas expanded from 281.76 km² to 391.99 km², reflecting increased urbanization. Flat terrains (0-3.51°) are conducive to groundwater recharge due to their high infiltration rates, whereas steeper slopes (3.51-26.00°) exhibit higher runoff potential, impacting groundwater recharge negatively. The reduction in tree cover and expansion of built areas have significant hydrogeological implications. Deforestation reduces groundwater recharge potential, while urbanization increases surface runoff, potentially leading to flooding and reduced groundwater levels. The study highlights the need for integrated land and water management strategies to balance development with environmental sustainability. Protecting and managing flat areas for groundwater recharge, implementing soil conservation in steeper regions, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices are essential. Urban planning should incorporate green infrastructure to mitigate the impacts of increased impervious surfaces. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of slope and LULC changes over time and their hydrogeological implications, offering valuable insights for sustainable land and water resource management in the Aniocha and Oshimili regions.