Clinico-Radiographic Presentation of Ameloblastoma: A Pathway to Provisional Diagnosis

Background: Ameloblastoma is a rare, slow-growing odontogenic tumor predominantly affecting the mandible. Despite its benign nature, its locally invasive behavior and high recurrence rate present significant clinical challenges. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the demographic, clinical, radiographic, and management profiles of patients presenting with ameloblastoma at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH). Methods: A retrospective review was conducted among 19 patients (10 males and 9 females). Data on age, lesion duration, clinical presentation, tumor location, radiographic features, and treatment outcomes were analyzed. Results: The mean age of male patients was 31.6 years, and female patients averaged 33.1 years. The duration of lesions before seeking specialized care ranged from 15 to 276 months, with mean delays of 60.4 months for males and 76.3 months for females. Most patients (84.2%) presented with slow-growing, painless lesions, predominantly affecting the mandible’s body (78.6%). Radiographically, multilocular radiolucency with corticated margins was observed in 78.9% of cases. Treatments at primary care facilities, including medication, tooth extraction, and incision, were largely ineffective, with persistent tumor progression noted. Recurrence was reported in cases treated with tumor excision. Conclusion: Ameloblastoma predominantly affects young adults, often presenting without significant symptoms, leading to diagnostic and treatment delays. Ineffective management at primary care levels highlights the need for improved diagnostic capabilities and timely referrals to specialized centers. Radiographic features and lesion location remain crucial for diagnosis and treatment planning. Enhancing primary healthcare awareness and access to specialized care can mitigate delays and improve patient outcomes.