Evaluating the Availability and Accessibility of Agricultural Extension Services Under the Single Spine System in Uganda. A Case of Smallholder Crop Farmers in Buhweju District

Purpose: This study evaluated the availability and accessibility of agricultural extension services under the Single Spine System, with a specific focus on smallholder crop farmers in Buhweju District. Methodology: The study adopted a mixed-methods approach, employing both quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques. Structured questionnaires were administered to a sample of 393 smallholder crop farmers and key informant interviews with district agricultural officers and extension workers provided in-depth insights into the delivery of services. Findings: The results indicate that education was positively and significantly (P<0.01) associated with knowledge about the availability of extension services. Farmers with more years of schooling had a greater likelihood of being aware of extension providers. Similarly, larger households with more labor resources (median size = 4) had better access to extension services. Moreover, household land size (median = 3 acres) and income (median = UGX 250,000) were significantly correlated with both availability and access to extension services, with wealthier farmers seeking more information to improve agricultural productivity. The study also revealed that proximity to extension service centers was a critical factor; households closer to sub-county offices (median distance = 1.5 km) had higher knowledge of available services. Access to credit and group membership were also major determinants of both awareness and access to extension services. Challenges were also identified, including limited outreach by extension officers, inadequate allowances, and insufficient logistical support for field officers. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The study recommends increased sensitization efforts using local leaders, social media, and community networks, alongside greater support for sub-county agricultural officers to ensure effective service delivery.