Impact of Physical Activity on Mental Health among Adolescents in Ghana

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of physical activity on mental health among adolescents in Ghana. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Engaging in regular physical activity has been shown to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, improve mood, and enhance overall emotional well-being in this age group. Physical activity stimulates the release of endorphins and other neurotransmitters that foster feelings of happiness and relaxation, contributing to improved mental health. Studies highlight that adolescents who participate in sports or regular exercise report lower levels of stress and better stress management skills compared to their sedentary peers. Additionally, physical activity has been linked to enhanced cognitive function, including better concentration, memory, and academic performance. This cognitive boost further supports mental health by reducing academic-related stress and anxiety. Moreover, physical activity provides adolescents with opportunities for social interaction, which is crucial for their social and emotional development. Engaging in team sports or group exercises helps build friendships, fosters a sense of belonging, and improves self-esteem. These social benefits are particularly important during adolescence, a period marked by significant social and emotional changes. However, the impact of physical activity on mental health can vary depending on the type, intensity, and duration of the activity, as well as individual preferences and circumstances. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Self-determination theory (SDT), social cognitive theory and biopsychosocial model may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the impact of physical activity on mental health among adolescents in Ghana. Practitioners should adopt tailored intervention strategies that address the unique needs, preferences, and contexts of adolescents to maximize the impact of physical activity on mental health. Policymakers play a pivotal role in promoting the integration of physical activity into education systems by advocating for robust policies that prioritize physical education, extracurricular sports, and active transportation options.