Para-Diplomacy and Border Security: A Kenyan Perspective

Purpose: Para-diplomacy empowers subnational governments to engage directly in international relations, including security policy-making. It operates outside traditional diplomatic channels, bridging gaps between subnational and national governments, and allowing for more nuanced and context-specific approaches to security policy-making. For subnational governments to actively participate in addressing security concerns and shaping security policies, the potential and efficacy of para-diplomacy should be carefully understood and therefore managed. This research explores para-diplomacy and its potential impact on border security in Kenya, particularly the role of border counties. Methodology: Using mixed research methods, the study examines the mechanisms of border management and the important, yet undefined role of border counties. By applying purposive sampling technique, the research selected a sample of 76 individuals from 23 border counties and 6 national government departments all of which are part of Kenya's governance structure. Questionnaires and interview guides were adopted to gather primary data and both qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis were employed. Findings: It uncovers an institutional gap that fails to clearly define or utilize the potential of these counties in boosting border security. The study also delves into track one diplomacy, delineating its significance in maintaining border stability. It found out that diplomacy appears to produce positive results by transforming conflicts into opportunities for integration through peace building, and conflict management. Additionally, the study investigates the transformative power of neofunctionalism theory, demonstrating how diplomacy can be used to resolve conflicts and foster regional integration. The research suggests that para-diplomacy, the involvement of subnational regions in international affairs, could enhance border security by leveraging the contribution of border counties towards regional integration. Recommendations: In conclusion, the study recommends frameworks promoting collaboration between the central government and border counties to improve border management mechanisms and strengthen Kenya's border security. The research highlights the need for a paradigm shift in understanding and utilizing para-diplomacy in border security management.