Author
Listed:
- Nicolas Châtelais
- Annabelle De Gaye
Abstract
The dynamics of US inflation post Covid have rekindled questions about the link between inflation and the business cycle (known as the Phillips curve, 1958). Supply chain disruptions, the rebound in demand following the lockdowns and labour shortages in some sectors all adversely affected inflation dynamics. To illustrate these mechanisms and the resulting uncertainties, we estimate several Phillips curves with different inflation and business cycle metrics, with and without supply chain constraints. On average, we find a slight increase in the sensitivity of inflation to the business cycle, even when supply constraints are included. A projection exercise shows the important role of the easing of supply constraints, alongside monetary policy, in the fall in inflation in 2023 and 2024. The “last mile” in bringing inflation back to the Fed’s target by the end of 2025 is likely to depend on developments in the labour market, and in particular a reduction in job vacancies. La dynamique de l’inflation américaine post-Covid a ravivé les interrogations sur le lien entre inflation et cycle économique (dit « courbe de Phillips », 1958). Les ruptures d’approvisionnement, le rebond de la demande après les confinements et la pénurie de main d’œuvre dans certains secteurs ont bouleversé la dynamique de l’inflation. Afin d’illustrer ces mécanismes et les incertitudes qui en découlent, nous estimons plusieurs courbes de Phillips avec différentes métriques d’inflation et de cycle, avec ou sans contraintes d’approvisionnement. Nous trouvons en moyenne une légère hausse de la sensibilité de l’inflation au cycle, même en incluant des contraintes d’offre. Un exercice de projection montre le rôle important du relâchement des contraintes d’approvisionnement, à côté de la politique monétaire, dans le repli de l’inflation en 2023 et 2024. Le reste du chemin pour ramener l’inflation à la cible de la Fed fin 2025 dépendrait des évolutions sur le marché du travail, et notamment d’un repli des postes vacants.
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