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Barreras de acceso al crédito a pequeños productores agropecuarios en Colombia

Author

Listed:
  • Karelys Guzmán-Finol
  • Andrea Paola Poveda-Olarte
  • Clark Granger
  • Dairo Estrada
  • Valeria Salas
  • John Sebastian Tobar-Cruz
  • Miguel Sarmiento
  • Eduardo Yanquen
  • Fernando Arias-Rodríguez
  • Jorge Florez-Acosta
  • Margarita Gáfaro
  • Alejandra González
  • Alex Pérez
  • Camilo Bohorquez-Penuela

Abstract

Este estudio analiza las barreras de acceso al crédito que enfrentan los pequeños productores agropecuarios en Colombia y evalúa las políticas que podrían mitigarlas. Según la literatura, estas barreras surgen de fricciones que afectan tanto la oferta como la demanda de crédito. A través del análisis de datos del Sistema Nacional de Crédito Agropecuario en Colombia, encontramos que el crédito para pequeños productores se canaliza principalmente a través del Banco Agrario de Colombia (BAC), con respaldo del Fondo Agropecuario de Garantías (FAG). La baja participación de la banca privada sugiere la existencia de restricciones que limitan la oferta de financiamiento para este segmento. Mediante ejercicios empíricos identificamos tres fricciones relevantes en el acceso al crédito de pequeños productores agropecuarios en Colombia: los altos costos de colocación, las asimetrías de información, y la elevada exposición al riesgo. Nuestros hallazgos muestran además que el FAG contribuye a mitigar algunas de estas fricciones y facilita el acceso al crédito de estos productores. Sin embargo, su sostenibilidad requiere una evaluación detallada. Asimismo, encontramos evidencia de que los límites a las tasas de interés en los créditos de fomento pueden restringir su colocación, lo que sugiere la necesidad de revisar estos topes teniendo en cuenta los costos de colocación y el riesgo de esta cartera. **** ABSTRACT: This study analyzes the credit constraints faced by small farmers in Colombia and evaluates the policies that could mitigate them. According to the literature, these constraints arise from frictions that affect both the supply and demand for credit. Through an analysis of data from Colombia’s agricultural credit system, we find that credit for small farmers is primarily channeled through the Banco Agrario de Colombia (BAC), with guarantees from the Agricultural Guarantee Fund (FAG). The low participation of private banks suggests the existence of constraints that limit the supply of credit for these farmers. Empirical exercises identify three key frictions affecting small farmers’ access to credit in Colombia: high loan origination costs, information asymmetries, and high exposure to risk. Our findings also show that the FAG helps mitigate some of these constraints and facilitates access to credit for these producers. However, its sustainability requires further evaluation. Additionally, we find evidence that interest rate caps on development credit may restrict loan placements. This suggests the need to reassess these caps, considering both origination costs and the risk associated with this portfolio.

Suggested Citation

  • Karelys Guzmán-Finol & Andrea Paola Poveda-Olarte & Clark Granger & Dairo Estrada & Valeria Salas & John Sebastian Tobar-Cruz & Miguel Sarmiento & Eduardo Yanquen & Fernando Arias-Rodríguez & Jorge Fl, 2025. "Barreras de acceso al crédito a pequeños productores agropecuarios en Colombia," Revista ESPE - Ensayos sobre Política Económica, Banco de la Republica de Colombia, issue 109, pages 1-85, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:bdr:ensayo:y:2025:i:109:p:1-85
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    File URL: https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/bitstream/handle/20.500.12134/11151/Espe109.pdf
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Restricciones de crédito; asimetrías de información; pequeña agricultura; riesgo climático; costos de transacción; crédito de fomento; Credit constraints; information asymmetries; small farmers; climate risk; transaction costs; development credit;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • O13 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Environment; Other Primary Products
    • Q14 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Agriculture - - - Agricultural Finance
    • D82 - Microeconomics - - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty - - - Asymmetric and Private Information; Mechanism Design

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