A Systematic Review of the Impact of Artificial Intelligence, Digital Technology, and Social Media on Cognitive Functions

The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI), digital technology, and social media has significantly reshaped cognitive functions, influencing memory, attention, decision-making, and social cognition. This systematic review examines the impact of these digital forces on human cognition, integrating insights from psychology, neuroscience, and information technology. Key findings highlight the phenomenon of digital amnesia, where increased reliance on AI for information retrieval may reduce long-term memory retention, and the growing issue of attentional fragmentation caused by algorithmic content curation. Social cognition is also undergoing transformation, as digital interactions influence empathy, social skills, and interpersonal relationships. The review applies theoretical models such as Cognitive Load Theory and the Technology Acceptance Model to interpret these cognitive shifts, emphasizing the balance between technological convenience and cognitive well-being. Ethical considerations surrounding AI bias, cognitive autonomy, and data privacy are also discussed. Future research must prioritize longitudinal studies and intervention strategies to mitigate risks while maximizing cognitive benefits. A multidisciplinary approach is essential in ensuring that AI and digital technology enhance, rather than hinder, cognitive resilience and human decision-making in the digital era.