A Comprehensive Risk Assessment Framework for Addressing Hormonal and Antibiotic Residues in Meat Supply Chains in the USA

Hormonal and antibiotic residues in meat supply chains pose significant risks to public health, environmental sustainability, and regulatory compliance in the United States. This review presents a comprehensive risk assessment framework designed to address these challenges through systematic identification, evaluation, and mitigation of residue contamination across beef, poultry, and pork production systems. The framework integrates hazard identification, exposure assessment, and risk characterization to quantify potential health impacts, including antibiotic resistance and endocrine disruption, particularly among vulnerable populations. Key sources of contamination, such as growth hormones and antibiotic overuse, are analyzed alongside pathways of environmental leakage through soil and water systems. Regulatory frameworks, including those established by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), are critically reviewed to highlight compliance gaps and enforcement challenges. The review proposes enhanced surveillance programs leveraging advanced detection technologies, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), to ensure residue monitoring throughout the supply chain. Strategies for mitigation emphasize preventive approaches, including alternatives to antibiotics, improved livestock management practices, and blockchain-based traceability systems to enhance transparency. Stakeholder engagement and capacity building are essential components of the framework, promoting collaboration between regulators, producers, and consumers through education and training programs. Performance metrics and continuous auditing mechanisms are also recommended to assess effectiveness and enable adaptive responses to emerging risks. This framework advocates for a balanced approach that prioritizes food safety while supporting economic efficiency and sustainable agricultural practices. Future directions include the integration of artificial intelligence for predictive analytics and the development of harmonized international standards to improve residue management globally. Ultimately, this framework aims to safeguard consumer health, protect ecosystems, and strengthen the resilience of meat supply chains in the USA.