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Study on the Determinants of Health Outcomes in Northern Europe and the Baltic Region

Author

Listed:
  • Shailender Singh
  • Meenakshi Kaul
  • Ankit Shrivastava

Abstract

The study aims to examine the potential determinants of health outcomes for the countries of Northern Europe and the Baltic region. This paper employed a one-way fixed effects model and the Arellano-Bond estimator to examine the influence of potential determinants of health outcomes using data from the World Bank Development Indicators from 1961 to 2020. The findings reveal that health expenditure as a share of GDP, physician density, tobacco consumption, and the level of per capita GDP drives up life expectancy. Similarly, physician density, hospital beds, nurses' and midwives’ density, tobacco consumption, labour force participation rate, the level of per capita GDP, and the unemployment rate are significantly associated with crude mortality. Moreover, all the variables used as the potential determinants of health outcomes in the model are significantly associated with mortality from chronic non-communicable diseases. There is a need for the policymakers of these countries to consider the joint effects of these determinants when implementing policies targeted at improving health outcomes.

Suggested Citation

  • Shailender Singh & Meenakshi Kaul & Ankit Shrivastava, 2025. "Study on the Determinants of Health Outcomes in Northern Europe and the Baltic Region," Economic Studies journal, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences - Economic Research Institute, issue 3, pages 46-59.
    • Handle: RePEc:bas:econst:y:2025:i:3:p:46-59
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    File URL: http://archive.econ-studies.iki.bas.bg/2025/2025_03/2025_03_03.pdf
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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • I15 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health and Economic Development
    • I21 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Analysis of Education
    • E12 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - General Aggregative Models - - - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian; Modern Monetary Theory

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