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Quantifying disparities in urban firearm violence by race and place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: A cartographic study

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  • Beard, J.H.
  • Morrison, C.N.
  • Jacoby, S.F.
  • Dong, B.
  • Smith, R.
  • Sims, C.A.
  • Wiebe, D.J.

Abstract

Objectives. To describe variability in the burden of firearm violence by race, income, and place in an urban context. Methods. We used Philadelphia Police Department data from 2013 to 2014 to calculate firearm assault rates within census block groups for both victim residence and event locations, stratifying by race and block group income. We used cartographic modeling to determine variations in incidence of firearm assault by race, neighborhood income, and place. Results. The overall rate of firearm assault was 5.0 times higher (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.5, 5.6) for Black people compared with White people. Firearm assault rates were higher among Black people across all victim residence incomes. Relative risk of firearm assault reached 15.8 times higher (95% CI = 10.7, 23.2) for Black residents in the highest-income block groups when compared with high-income White individuals. Firearm assault events tended to occur in low-income areas and were concentrated in several "hot spot" locations with high proportions of Black residents. Conclusions. Profound disparity in exposure to firearm violence by race and place exists in Philadelphia. Black people were substantially more likely than White people to sustain firearm assault, regardless of neighborhood income.

Suggested Citation

  • Beard, J.H. & Morrison, C.N. & Jacoby, S.F. & Dong, B. & Smith, R. & Sims, C.A. & Wiebe, D.J., 2017. "Quantifying disparities in urban firearm violence by race and place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: A cartographic study," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 107(3), pages 371-373.
    • Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/ajph.2016.303620_3
    DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303620
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    Cited by:

    1. Jacoby, Sara F. & Dong, Beidi & Beard, Jessica H. & Wiebe, Douglas J. & Morrison, Christopher N., 2018. "The enduring impact of historical and structural racism on urban violence in Philadelphia," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 87-95.
    2. Swope, Carolyn B. & Hernández, Diana, 2019. "Housing as a determinant of health equity: A conceptual model," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    3. Jacoby, Sara F. & Richmond, Therese S. & Holena, Daniel N. & Kaufman, Elinore J., 2018. "A safe haven for the injured? Urban trauma care at the intersection of healthcare, law enforcement, and race," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 115-122.
    4. Drake, Stacy A. & Lemke, Michael K. & Yang, Yijiong, 2022. "Exploring the complexity of firearm homicides in Harris County, Texas, from 2009 to 2021: Implications for theory and prevention," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).

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