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Effects of racial prejudice on the health of communities: A multilevel survival analysis

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  • Lee, Y.
  • Muennig, P.
  • Kawachi, I.
  • Hatzenbuehler, M.L.

Abstract

Objectives. We examined whether and how racial prejudice at both the individual and community levels contributes tomortality risk among majority as well as minority group members. Methods. We used data on racial attitudes from the General Social Survey (1993-2002) prospectively linked to mortality data from the National Death Index through 2008. Results. Whites and Blacks living in communities with higher levels of racial prejudice were at an elevated risk of mortality, independent of individual and community sociodemographic characteristics and individually held racist beliefs (odds ratio = 1.24; 95% confidence interval = 1.04, 1.49). Living in a highly prejudiced community had similar harmful effects among both Blacks and Whites. Furthermore, the interaction observed between individual- and community-level racial prejudice indicated that respondents with higher levels of racial prejudice had lower survival rates if they lived in communities with low degrees of racial prejudice. Community-level social capital explained the relationship between community racial prejudice and mortality. Conclusions. Community-level racial prejudice may disrupt social capital, and reduced social capital is associated with increased mortality risk among both Whites and Blacks. Our results contribute to an emerging body of literature documenting the negative consequences of prejudice for population health.

Suggested Citation

  • Lee, Y. & Muennig, P. & Kawachi, I. & Hatzenbuehler, M.L., 2015. "Effects of racial prejudice on the health of communities: A multilevel survival analysis," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 105(11), pages 2349-2355.
    • Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/ajph.2015.302776_7
    DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302776
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    Cited by:

    1. Dustin C. Brown & Joseph T. Lariscy & Lucie Kalousová, 2019. "Comparability of Mortality Estimates from Social Surveys and Vital Statistics Data in the United States," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 38(3), pages 371-401, June.
    2. Marilyn D. Thomas & Eli K. Michaels & Sean Darling-Hammond & Thu T. Nguyen & M. Maria Glymour & Eric Vittinghoff, 2020. "Whites’ County-Level Racial Bias, COVID-19 Rates, and Racial Inequities in the United States," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-19, November.
    3. Brown, Dustin C, 2019. "Comparability of Mortality Estimates from Social Surveys and Vital Statistics Data in the United States," SocArXiv x9f5y, Center for Open Science.
    4. Leitner, Jordan B. & Hehman, Eric & Ayduk, Ozlem & Mendoza-Denton, Rodolfo, 2016. "Racial bias is associated with ingroup death rate for Blacks and Whites: Insights from Project Implicit," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 220-227.
    5. Yoshida, Yuto & Hiratsuka, Yoshimune & Kawachi, Ichiro & Murakami, Akira & Kondo, Katsunori & Aida, Jun, 2020. "Association between visual status and social participation in older Japanese: The JAGES cross-sectional study," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 253(C).
    6. Hswen, Yulin & Qin, Qiuyuan & Williams, David R. & Viswanath, K. & Brownstein, John S. & Subramanian, S.V., 2020. "The relationship between Jim Crow laws and social capital from 1997–2014: A 3-level multilevel hierarchical analysis across time, county and state," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    7. Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. & Rutherford, Caroline & McKetta, Sarah & Prins, Seth J. & Keyes, Katherine M., 2020. "Structural stigma and all-cause mortality among sexual minorities: Differences by sexual behavior?," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 244(C).
    8. Yiyi Chen & Jiaqi Lu & Canghai Guan & Shiyang Zhang & Spencer De Li, 2022. "In the Shadow of the Casinos: The Relationship between Religion and Health in Macau," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-18, May.
    9. George B Cunningham & Lisa T Wigfall, 2020. "Race, explicit racial attitudes, implicit racial attitudes, and COVID-19 cases and deaths: An analysis of counties in the United States," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(11), pages 1-14, November.
    10. Morey, Brittany N. & Gee, Gilbert C. & Muennig, Peter & Hatzenbuehler, Mark L., 2018. "Community-level prejudice and mortality among immigrant groups," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 56-66.
    11. Thu T. Nguyen & Shaniece Criss & Amani M. Allen & M. Maria Glymour & Lynn Phan & Ryan Trevino & Shrikha Dasari & Quynh C. Nguyen, 2019. "Pride, Love, and Twitter Rants: Combining Machine Learning and Qualitative Techniques to Understand What Our Tweets Reveal about Race in the US," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-19, May.

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