Las actuales políticas de extracción de recursos biofísicos de Venezuela y sus impactos económicos, sociales, territoriales y ambientales. Propuestas para el diseño de un modelo alternativo

Human rights are, by antonomasia, inherent to all human beings, without distinction of race, sex, nationality, ethnic origin, language, religion or any other condition. Following the Universal Declaration of the United Nations in 1948, their promotion and protection are mandatory for States, organizations and individuals worldwide. The central argument of the article is to propose the adoption of a normative approach based on respect for the human rights of populations with different social, cultural and ethnic origins, with two objectives: i) to identify the current epistemological barriers to the construction of disciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches focused on both the analysis of economic policies and their results for the management, transformation and protection of the biophysical territories where the main social actors are located; and, ii) propose some guidelines for the construction of a theoretical and empirical approach to overcome the economic model based on oil and mining extraction by the Venezuelan State for more than a century, currently “reinvented” under an uncontrolled mining with the ultimate goal of supplementing the once oil revenues through the sale of gold and other minerals. Based on secondary sources, a descriptive and analytical research was carried out. By way of synthesis, the article presents a set of proposals with the aim of contributing to the construction and implementation of a new development model, in order to overcome the current humanitarian, economic and environmental crises that the country is currently experiencing. This is fundamentally based on encouraging investment in industrial, commercial and service sectors oriented to both domestic and export markets; restructuring of the public company PDVSA -which in addition to extractivism, contributes concomitantly to the conservation of territories and ecosystems; creation or restructuring of other companies to maximize the added value in mining, forestry and/or non-industrialized services, oriented to domestic and international markets; implementing educational and science and technology reforms as a basis for industrial development, together with networks of research institutes by economic sector to increase productivity, income and technological diversification and innovation; and strengthening decentralized government bodies through development councils and productive projects based on green technologies, as guarantors of economic growth strategies, institutional development and territorial conservation. In short, it is a program to design policies aimed at economic development, democratization, protection of territories and their ecosystems, but above all, respect for the human rights of all citizens.