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The Spend-and-Tax or Tax-and-Spend: Further Evidence for the Brazilian Imperial Period

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  • Zanella Fernando

Abstract

This article tests the flows of rents during the Brazilian Imperial period. To achieve this goal, a Vector of Error Correction Model (VECM) was employed to test long-run and short-run relationships between government revenues and expenditures. The VECM was applied for the entire imperial period with data available (1836-1889) and for the period after the Law Alves Branco (1844-1889), which more than doubled tariffs on imports. A trivariate causality test fails to show a casual relationship among the variables in any direction, regardless of the period tested. When the augmented granger causality test is employed for the entire period, results show a unidirectional causality from government expenditures to revenues, a spend-to-tax model, and a bi-causality relationship for the 1844-1889 period.

Suggested Citation

  • Zanella Fernando, 2008. "The Spend-and-Tax or Tax-and-Spend: Further Evidence for the Brazilian Imperial Period," Historical Social Research (Section 'Cliometrics'), Association Française de Cliométrie (AFC), vol. 33(4), pages 255-263.
    • Handle: RePEc:afc:histor:v:33:y:2008:i:4:p:255-263
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