Author
Abstract
In this paper the researcher raises a number of questions concerning the imposition of taxes on Muslims and non Muslims in an Islamic society. Should taxes be levied on Muslim on the basis of Zakat? Should taxes be imposed on Non-Muslims on the basis of Zakat or Kharaj? Are these financial duties fixed or do they change according to changing shari'ah policies. The previous financial duties have been studied with the intention of showing how Islam has the precedence of establishing the principles of public finance. Those financial duties have been discussed with a view to determine what is clear about them and what is obscure and to see how far they are relevant in the present age. In the past the researches concentrated mainly on the study of zakah. It is worthwhile to direct our future research efforts towards the study of kharaj and other financial duties in Islam. In this paper, a comparison has been made between financial duties levied on Muslims and those imposed on others. It also compares between Shari`ah principles regarding zakah and kharaj and conventional principles of taxation. It gives an account of permissible financial duties and prohibited ones (almukus). It also examines the difficulties that may be faced in case zakah is imposed in an enviornment of taxation, and where evasion of taxes is not permissible because if a fixed amount is to be collected, then tax evasion by some people means more burden on some others. في هذه الورقة يتساءل الباحث عن الضرائب على المسلمين هل تفرض عند اللزوم بالاستناد الى مبادئ الزكاة؟ وعن الضرائب على غير المسلمين هل تفرض بالاستناد إلى مبادئ الزكاة أم الى مبادئ الخراج؟ وهل هذه الوظائف المالية تخضع لمبادئ ثابتة أم لسياسات شرعية متغيرة ؟ وقد تمت دراسة الوظائف المالية الاسلامية السابقة، بغية بيان سبق الاسلام الى بعض مبادئ المالية العامة، وبغية مناقشة هذه الوظائف، لتحديد ما هو واضح منها أو غامض، ومدى الاستفادة منها في العصر الحاضر. وفي الماضي تركزت البحوث حول الزكاة، فكان من المناسب أن تبذل جهود بحثية أخرى حول الخراج وغيره من التكاليف المالية السلامية. وجرت مقارنة بين التكاليف المالية المفروضة على المسلمين والتكاليف المالية المفروضة على غيرهم، ومقارنة أخرى بين المبادئ الشرعية في الزكاة والخراج والمبادئ الوضعية في الضرائب. وتم بيان التكاليف المالية الجائزة والممنوعة ( الموكس) ، وكذلك المشكلات التي يطرحها فرض الزكاة في بيئة ضريبية، وعدم جواز التهرب من الضرائب، حتى لو كانت ظالمة، لأن حصيلتها إذا كانت محددة فإن تهرب البعض منها يوقع مزيدا من الظلم على البعض الآخر.
Suggested Citation
Rafic Yunus AI-Masri, 2006.
"Zakah and Taxes on Muslims and Non-Muslims الزكاة والضرائب على المسلمين وغير المسلمين,"
Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, Islamic Economics Institute., vol. 19(1), pages 47-71, January.
Handle:
RePEc:abd:kauiea:v:19:y:2006:i:1:no:5:p:47-71
DOI: 10.4197/islec.19-1.5
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