Impact of overconfidence, optimism, pessimism and herd mentality on trading volume in Vietnam’s stock market

The catalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol is an appealing option to reduce greenhouse gas concentrations as well as to promote renewable energy production. In addition, the exhaustion of fossil fuels, the increase in Earth’s temperature, and sharp increases in fuel prices are the main driving factors for exploring the synthesis of methanol by hydrogenating CO2. Many studies on the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol have been published in the literature over the last few decades. Many of these studies have presented different catalysts that exhibit high stability, higher performance, low cost, and are immediately required to promote conversion. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the conversion of CO2 is essential as the first step towards creating these catalysts. This review briefly summarizes recent theoretical developments in mechanistic studies focused on using density functional theory, kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, and microkinetics modeling. Based on these simulation techniques on different transition metals, metal/metal oxides, and other heterogeneous catalyst surfaces, three important mechanisms that have been recommended are the formate (HCOO), reverse water–gas shift (RWGS), and trans-COOH mechanisms. Recent experimental and theoretical efforts appear to demonstrate that the formate route, in which the main intermediate species is H2CO* in the reaction route, is more favorable in the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to chemical fuels under various temperature and pressure conditions.