Exploring bullying and cyberbullying behaviors among adolescents in Kosovo: Gender differences, victimization, and fear predictors

This study examines bullying and cyberbullying behaviors among adolescents in six cities across Kosovo, with a particular focus on gender differences, the factors influencing fear of being bullied, and the impact of cultural and demographic variables. The research involved a survey of 646 adolescents aged 14–19, utilizing the Bullying and Cyberbullying Behaviors Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, and multiple regression analyses to assess the prevalence of bullying, gender disparities, and key predictors of fear. The study found that verbal bullying, including name-calling and teasing, was the most frequently reported form of aggression. Males exhibited higher involvement in physical (p < 0.001) and cyber aggression (p < 0.001) than females. Additionally, males were significantly more likely to engage in behaviors such as sharing unauthorized images (p = 0.013), making sexually inappropriate remarks (p < 0.001), and damaging property (p = 0.005). These findings align with traditional gender expectations in Kosovo, where expressions of dominance and aggression are more commonly associated with masculinity. No substantial gender differences were observed in indirect forms of bullying, such as social exclusion (p = 0.305). Regression analysis identified bullying victimization as the most significant predictor of fear (p < 0.001), accounting for 81% of the variance. While gender had a minor influence (p = 0.052), with females reporting slightly higher fear levels, age (p = 0.182) and overall bullying experiences (p = 0.715) did not significantly contribute to fear predictions. The findings highlight the psychological burden of bullying victimization and emphasize the role of cultural influences in shaping aggressive behaviors among adolescents. Addressing these issues requires targeted interventions that consider the social context of bullying. The study underscores the necessity for culturally responsive prevention strategies that promote emotional regulation, empathy, and responsible digital engagement. Implementing gender-sensitive approaches can help challenge social norms that perpetuate aggressive behavior and empower victims to seek support. Further research should explore the long-term impact of cultural and developmental factors on bullying tendencies to foster safer and more inclusive school environments.