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Dynamic Panel GMM with Near Unity

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Abstract

Limit theory is developed for the dynamic panel GMM estimator in the presence of an autoregressive root near unity. In the unit root case, Anderson-Hsiao lagged variable instruments satisfy orthogonality conditions but are well-known to be irrelevant. For a fixed time series sample size (T) GMM is inconsistent and approaches a shifted Cauchy-distributed random variate as the cross section sample size n approaches infinity. But when T approaches infinity, either for fixed n or as n approaches infinity, GMM is square root{T} consistent and its limit distribution is a ratio of random variables that converges to twice a standard Cauchy as n approaches infinity. In this case, the usual instruments are uncorrelated with the regressor but irrelevance does not prevent consistent estimation. The same Cauchy limit theory holds sequentially and jointly as (n,T) approaches infinity with no restriction on the divergence rates of n and T. When the common autoregressive root rho = 1 + c/square root{T} the panel comprises a collection of mildly integrated time series. In this case, the GMM estimator is square root{n}n consistent for fixed T and square root{(nT)} consistent with limit distribution N(0,4) when n, T approaches infinity sequentially or jointly. These results are robust for common roots of the form rho = 1 + c/T^{gamma} for all gamma in (0,1) and joint convergence holds. Limit normality holds but the variance changes when gamma = 1. When gamma > 1 joint convergence fails and sequential limits differ with different rates of convergence. These findings reveal the fragility of conventional Gaussian GMM asymptotics to persistence in dynamic panel regressions.

Suggested Citation

  • Peter C.B. Phillips, 2014. "Dynamic Panel GMM with Near Unity," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 1962, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
  • Handle: RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:1962
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    File URL: https://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d19/d1962.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jinyong Hahn & Guido Kuersteiner, 2002. "Asymptotically Unbiased Inference for a Dynamic Panel Model with Fixed Effects when Both "n" and "T" Are Large," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 70(4), pages 1639-1657, July.
    2. Phillips, P C B, 1987. "Time Series Regression with a Unit Root," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 55(2), pages 277-301, March.
    3. Peter C. B. Phillips & Hyungsik R. Moon, 1999. "Linear Regression Limit Theory for Nonstationary Panel Data," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 67(5), pages 1057-1112, September.
    4. Phillips, Peter C.B. & Magdalinos, Tassos, 2007. "Limit theory for moderate deviations from a unit root," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 136(1), pages 115-130, January.
    5. Anderson, T. W. & Hsiao, Cheng, 1982. "Formulation and estimation of dynamic models using panel data," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 18(1), pages 47-82, January.
    6. Phillips, P.C.B., 1989. "Partially Identified Econometric Models," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 5(2), pages 181-240, August.
    7. Peter C. B. Phillips & Bruce E. Hansen, 1990. "Statistical Inference in Instrumental Variables Regression with I(1) Processes," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 57(1), pages 99-125.
    8. Blundell, Richard & Bond, Stephen, 1998. "Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 87(1), pages 115-143, August.
    9. Kruiniger, Hugo, 2009. "Gmm Estimation And Inference In Dynamic Panel Data Models With Persistent Data," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 25(5), pages 1348-1391, October.
    10. Phillips, P C B, 1987. "Time Series Regression with a Unit Root," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 55(2), pages 277-301, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Lee, Yoonseok & Phillips, Peter C.B., 2015. "Model selection in the presence of incidental parameters," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 188(2), pages 474-489.
    2. Al-Jahwari, Salim Ahmed Said, 2021. "Does the Twin-Deficits doctrine apply to the Gulf Cooperation Council? A dynamic panel VAR-X model approach," MPRA Paper 111232, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. Hsiao, Cheng & Zhang, Junwei, 2015. "IV, GMM or likelihood approach to estimate dynamic panel models when either N or T or both are large," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 187(1), pages 312-322.
    4. Adrian Mehic, 2021. "FDML versus GMM for Dynamic Panel Models with Roots Near Unity," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-9, August.
    5. Phillips, Peter C.B. & Han, Chirok, 2015. "The true limit distributions of the Anderson–Hsiao IV estimators in panel autoregression," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 89-92.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Cauchy limit theory; Dynamic panel; GMM estimation; Instrumental variable; Irrelevant instruments; Panel unit roots; Persistence;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C23 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
    • C36 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation

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