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La economía del cambio climático y la opción amazónica

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  • Carlos Gustavo Cano

Abstract

El cambio climático es una realidad inequívoca. Sus impactos en el mediano y el largo plazo constituyen la más grave amenaza para la supervivencia de las próximas generaciones. Y en el corto plazo, los países en vía de desarrollo, que en su mayoría se encuentran en el trópico y por tanto experimentan las más altas temperaturas, además de contar con economías fuertemente dependientes de la agricultura, son los más expuestos a los potenciales daños provocados por el fenómeno, a pesar de su mínima contribución a las principales causas del mismo, o sea la emisión de los denominados gases de efecto invernadero provenientes del uso de los combustibles fósiles. Desde el ángulo de la ciencia económica, el cambio climático constituye la más pronunciada falla del mercado en la historia de la humanidad. Por tanto, la forma más eficaz de emprender desde ahora su corrección debe ser a través de mecanismos del propio mercado, de suerte que, dentro del marco de la teoría de las externalidades de Pigou, fundamentalmente por intermedio de medidas de índole fiscal, sus costos - y sus beneficios - se reflejen en los precios de los bienes y servicios. Específicamente un sistema combinado de ‘topes y comercio’ y de gravámenes a las emisiones de flujos de carbono, inspirado en la experiencia pionera de la Unión Europea tanto en el ámbito de la llamada reforma fiscal ecológica como en el mercado de los créditos de carbono, y adoptado a nivel global, debe ser el primer paso en esa dirección. Igualmente es urgente otorgarle a la reducción de la deforestación - la mayor fuente de las emisiones en las áreas tropicales - y a la reforestación y la forestación según el caso, el reconocimiento como actividades elegibles para el otorgamiento de créditos de carbono. Y, en el caso de Colombia, en asocio de sus vecinos de la Amazonia, donde se encuentra el 40 por ciento del bosque tropical húmedo que aún queda en el planeta, la formulación y ejecución de un megaproyecto en dicha macro-región, a fin de someterlo a la consideración de la próxima cumbre de las Naciones Unidas sobre el cambio climático a finales del 2009 en Conpenhage, como el primero y más grande avance del mundo en tal materia.

Suggested Citation

  • Carlos Gustavo Cano, 2008. "La economía del cambio climático y la opción amazónica," Borradores de Economia 530, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
  • Handle: RePEc:bdr:borrec:530
    DOI: 10.32468/be.530
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tavoni, Massimo & Sohngen, Brent & Bosetti, Valentina, 2007. "Forestry and the carbon market response to stabilize climate," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(11), pages 5346-5353, November.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Cambio climático; agricultura; teoría de las externalidades de Pigou y Amazonia.;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H21 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Efficiency; Optimal Taxation
    • H23 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
    • H42 - Public Economics - - Publicly Provided Goods - - - Publicly Provided Private Goods
    • Q00 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - General - - - General

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