This file is part of IDEAS, which uses RePEc data


[ Papers | Articles | Software | Books | Chapters | Authors | Institutions | JEL Classification | NEP reports | Search | New papers by email | Author registration | Rankings | Volunteers | FAQ | Blog | Help! ]

Information about:
Joseph Farrell

Personal Details | Affiliation | Works
This is information that was supplied by Joseph Farrell in registering through RePEc. If you are Joseph Farrell , you may change this information at RePEc. Or if you are not registered and would like to be listed as well, register at RePEc. When you register or update your RePEc registration, you may identify the papers and articles you have authored.

Other registered authors


Personal Details

First Name: Joseph
Middle Name:
Last Name: Farrell
Suffix:

RePEc Short-ID: pfa35

Email:
Homepage:
http://elsa.berkeley.edu/users/farrell
Postal Address: Dept of Economics #3880 University of California Berkeley CA 94720-3880 USA
Phone:

Affiliation

(in no particular order)

Lists

This author is among the top 5% authors according to these criteria:
  1. Average Rank Score
  2. Number of Works
  3. Number of Distinct Works
  4. Number of Distinct Works, Weighted by Simple Impact Factor
  5. Number of Distinct Works, Weighted by Recursive Impact Factor
  6. Number of Distinct Works, Weighted by Number of Authors
  7. Number of Distinct Works, Weighted by Number of Authors and Simple Impact Factors
  8. Number of Distinct Works, Weighted by Number of Authors and Recursive Impact Factors
  9. Number of Citations
  10. Number of Citations, Discounted by Citation Age
  11. Number of Citations, Weighted by Simple Impact Factor
  12. Number of Citations, Weighted by Simple Impact Factor, Discounted by Citation Age
  13. Number of Citations, Weighted by Recursive Impact Factor
  14. Number of Citations, Weighted by Recursive Impact Factor, Discounted by Citation Age
  15. Number of Citations, Weighted by Number of Authors
  16. Number of Citations, Weighted by Number of Authors, Discounted by Citation Age
  17. Number of Citations, Weighted by Number of Authors and Simple Impact Factors
  18. Number of Citations, Weighted by Number of Authors and Simple Impact Factors, Discounted by Citation Age
  19. Number of Citations, Weighted by Number of Authors and Recursive Impact Factors
  20. Number of Citations, Weighted by Number of Authors and Recursive Impact Factors, Discounted by Citation Age
  21. h, where author has written h papers that have each been cited at least h times.
  22. Number of Registered Citing Authors
  23. Number of Registered Citing Authors, Weighted by Rank (Max. 1 per Author)
  24. Number of Journal Pages
  25. Number of Journal Pages, Weighted by Simple Impact Factor
  26. Number of Journal Pages, Weighted by Recursive Impact Factor
  27. Number of Journal Pages, Weighted by Number of Authors
  28. Number of Journal Pages, Weighted by Number of Authors and Simple Impact Factors
  29. Number of Journal Pages, Weighted by Number of Authors and Recursive Impact Factors
  30. Number of Abstract Views in RePEc Services over the past 12 months
  31. Number of Downloads through RePEc Services over the past 12 months
  32. Number of Abstract Views in RePEc Services over the past 12 months, Weighted by Number of Authors
  33. Number of Downloads through RePEc Services over the past 12 months, Weighted by Number of Authors
  34. Wu-Index

Works

|
Working papers | Articles | Chapters | Books | Access and download statistics | Citations (if any)| NEP Fields |
Download all references for this author: available formats: HTML (with abstracts), plain text (with abstracts), BibTeX, RIS (EndNote), ReDIF

Working papers

  1. Joseph Farrell & Paul Klemperer, 2006. "Co-ordination and Lock-in: Competition with Switching Costs and Network Effects," Economics Papers 2006-W07, Economics Group, Nuffield College, University of Oxford. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:

    Published as:

  2. Joseph Farrell, 2005. "Deconstructing Chicago on Exclusive Dealing," Industrial Organization 0504017, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]

  3. Joseph Farrell, 2004. "Integration and Independent Innovation on a Network," Industrial Organization 0401002, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:

    Published as:

  4. Joseph Farrell, 2004. "Negotiation and Merger Remedies: Some Problems," Industrial Organization 0401004, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]

  5. Aaron S. Edlin & Joseph Farrell, 2004. "The American Airlines Case: A Chance to Clarify Predation Policy," Law and Economics 0401003, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:

  6. Joseph Farrell & Richard J. Gilbert & Michael L. Katz, 2003. "Market Structure, Organizational Structure, and R&D Diversity," Industrial Organization 0303006, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:

  7. Joseph Farrell & Philip J. Weiser, 2003. "Modularity, Vertical Integration, and Open Access Policies: Towards A Convergence of Antitrust and Regulation In The Internet Age," Industrial Organization 0303007, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:

  8. Michael Katz & Joseph Farrell, 2001. "Competition or Predation? Schumpeterian Rivalry in Network Markets," Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series CPC01-023, Competition Policy Center, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:

  9. Michael Katz & Joseph Farrell, 2000. "Innovation, Rent Extraction, and Integration in Systems Markets," Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series CPC99-006, Competition Policy Center, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:

    Published as:

  10. Carl Shapiro & Joseph Farrell, 2000. "Scale Economies and Synergies in Horizontal Merger Analysis," Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series CPC00-015, Competition Policy Center, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:

  11. Severin Borenstein & Joseph Farrell, 1999. "Do Investors Forecast Fat Firms? Evidence from the Gold Mining Industry," NBER Working Papers 7075, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  12. Eddie Dekel and Joseph Farrell., 1990. "One-Sided Patience with One-Sided Communication Does Not Justify Stackelberg Equilibrium," Economics Working Papers 90-136, University of California at Berkeley.
    Published as:

  13. Farrell, J. & Gibbons, R., 1989. "Cheap Talk With Two Audiences," Papers e-89-7, Stanford - Hoover Institution.
    Other versions:

    Published as:

  14. Joseph Farrell and Garth Saloner., 1989. "Converters, Compatibility, and the Control of Interfaces," Economics Working Papers 89-130, University of California at Berkeley.
    Published as:

  15. Farell, J., 1989. "Standardization And Intellectual Property," Papers e-89-25, Stanford - Hoover Institution.

  16. Joseph Farrell and Robert Gibbons., 1988. "Cheap Talk with Two Audiences: A Taxonomy," Economics Working Papers 8890, University of California at Berkeley.

  17. Joseph Farrell & Robert Gibbons, 1988. "Cheap Talk, Neologisms, and Bargaining," Working papers 500, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics.
    Other versions:

  18. Farrell, J. & Shapiro, C., 1988. "Horizontal Mergers: An Equilibrium Analysis," Papers 17, Princeton, Woodrow Wilson School - Discussion Paper.
    Other versions:

    Published as:

  19. Robert Gibbons & Joseph Farrell, 1988. "Cheap Talk Can Matter in Bargaining," Working papers 482, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics.
    Other versions:

    Published as:

  20. Bolton, P. & Ferrel, J., 1988. "Decentralization, Deplication And Delay," Papers e-88-49, Stanford - Hoover Institution.
    Published as:

  21. Joseph Farrell and Carl Shapiro., 1988. "Dynamic Competition with Switching Costs," Economics Working Papers 8865, University of California at Berkeley.
    Published as:

  22. Farrell, J. & Shapiro, C., 1988. "Optimal Contracts With Lock-In," Papers e-88-45, Stanford - Hoover Institution.
    Other versions:

    Published as:

  23. Joseph Farrell., 1987. "Competition with Lock-In," Economics Working Papers 8722, University of California at Berkeley.

  24. Joseph Farrell., 1987. "Information and the Coase Theorem," Economics Working Papers 8747, University of California at Berkeley.
    Published as:

  25. Joseph Farrell and Eric Maskin., 1987. "Renegotiation in Repeated Games," Economics Working Papers 8759, University of California at Berkeley.
    Published as:

  26. Joseph Farrell and Garth Saloner., 1987. "Coordination Through Committees and Markets," Economics Working Papers 8740, University of California at Berkeley.
    Other versions:

    Published as:

  27. Joseph Farrell and Carl Shapiro., 1987. "Dynamic Competition with Lock-In," Economics Working Papers 8727, University of California at Berkeley.

  28. Joseph Farrell and Garth Saloner., 1986. "Competition, Compatibility and Standards: The Economics of Horses, Penguins and Lemmings," Economics Working Papers 8610, University of California at Berkeley.

  29. Joseph Farrell & Bob Gibbons, 1986. "Cheap Talk in Bargaining Games," Working papers 422, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics.
    Other versions:

  30. Joseph Farrell., 1986. "Communication between Potential Entrants," Economics Working Papers 8615, University of California at Berkeley.

  31. Joseph Farrell., 1986. "Meaning and Credibility in Cheap-Talk Games," Economics Working Papers 8609, University of California at Berkeley.
    Published as:

  32. Joseph Farrell and Nancy T. Gallini., 1986. "Second-Sourcing as a Commitment: Monopoly Incentives to Attract Competition," Economics Working Papers 8618, University of California at Berkeley.
    Other versions:

    Published as:

  33. Joseph Farrell and Suzanne Scotchmer., 1986. "Partnerships," Economics Working Papers 8616, University of California at Berkeley.
    Published as:

  34. Joseph Farrell, 1985. "Moral Hazard as an Entry Barrier," Working papers 387, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics.
    Published as:

  35. Joseph Farrell & Garth Saloner, 1985. "Installed Base and Compatibility With Implications for Product Preannouncements," Working papers 385, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics.
    Other versions:

  36. Joseph Farrell, 1985. "Communication Equilibrium in Games," Working papers 382, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics.

  37. Joseph Farrell, 1985. "Credible Neologisms in Games of Communication," Working papers 386, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics.

  38. Joseph Farrell, 1985. "How Effective is Potential Competition?," Working papers 375, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics.
    Published as:

  39. Joseph Farrell & Garth Saloner, 1985. "Economic Issues in Standardization," Working papers 393, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics.

  40. Joseph Farrell, 1985. "Owner-Consumers and Efficiency," Working papers 380, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics.
    Published as:

  41. Joseph Farrell, 1985. "Voluntary Disclosure: Robustness of the Unraveling Result, and Comments on Its Importance," Working papers 374, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics.

  42. Joseph Farrell, 1985. "Allocating and Abrogating Rights: How Should Conflicts be Resolved Under Incomplete Information," Working papers 381, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics.

  43. Joseph Farrell, 1984. "Moral Hazard....," Working papers 344, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics.

  44. Joseph Farrell & Garth Saloner, 1984. "Standardization, Compatibility and Innovation," Working papers 345, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics.
    Published as:

  45. J. Farrell, 1983. "Communication in Game I: Mechanism Design without a Mediator," Working papers 334, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics.


Articles

  1. Joseph Farrell & Carl Shapiro, 2008. "How Strong Are Weak Patents?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 98(4), pages 1347-69, September. [Downloadable!]

  2. Joseph Farrell, 2006. "Efficiency and Competition between Payment Instruments," Review of Network Economics, Concept Economics, vol. 5(1), pages 26-44, March. [Downloadable!]

  3. Joseph Farrell, 2005. "Assessing Australian Interchange Regulation: Comments on Chang, Evans and Garcia Swartz," Review of Network Economics, Concept Economics, vol. 4(4), pages 359-363, December. [Downloadable!]

  4. Joseph Farrell, 2005. "Reviews of the 2005 Economic Report of the President: Innovation and Regulation," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 43(3), pages 801-805, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  5. Joseph Farrell & Michael L. Katz, 2005. "Competition Or Predation? Consumer Coordination, Strategic Pricing And Price Floors In Network Markets," Journal of Industrial Economics, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 53(2), pages 203-231, 06. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  6. Joseph Farrell, 2003. "Integration and Independent Innovation on a Network," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 93(2), pages 420-424, May. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:

  7. Severin Borenstein & Joseph Farrell, 2000. "Is Cost-Cutting Evidence of X-Inefficiency?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 90(2), pages 224-227, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  8. Farrell, Joseph & Katz, Michael L, 2000. "Innovation, Rent Extraction, and Integration in Systems Markets," Journal of Industrial Economics, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 48(4), pages 413-32, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  9. Farrell, Joseph, 2000. "The Professor and the Madmen: Review of the New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 110(467), pages 842-45, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  10. Joseph Farrell & Hunter K. Monroe & Garth Saloner, 1998. "The Vertical Organization of Industry: Systems Competition versus Component Competition," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 7(2), pages 143-182, 06. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  11. Farrell, Joseph, 1997. "Prospects for Deregulation in Telecommunications," Industrial and Corporate Change, Oxford University Press, vol. 6(4), pages 719-40, December.

  12. Farrell, Joseph & Rabin, Matthew, 1996. "Cheap Talk," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 10(3), pages 103-18, Summer. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  13. Farrell, Joseph & Gibbons, Robert, 1995. "Cheap Talk about Specific Investments," Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, Oxford University Press, vol. 11(2), pages 313-34, October.

  14. Farrell, Joseph, 1995. "Talk Is Cheap," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 85(2), pages 186-90, May.

  15. Farrell, Joseph & Scotchmer, Suzanne, 1994. "Irrational behavior in the AT&T investment game," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 45(4), pages 471-474, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  16. Besen, Stanley M & Farrell, Joseph, 1994. "Choosing How to Compete: Strategies and Tactics in Standardization," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 8(2), pages 117-31, Spring. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  17. Farrell Joseph, 1993. "Meaning and Credibility in Cheap-Talk Games," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 5(4), pages 514-531, October. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  18. Farrell, Joseph & Saloner, Garth, 1992. "Converters, Compatibility, and the Control of Interfaces," Journal of Industrial Economics, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 40(1), pages 9-35, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  19. Farrell, Joseph & Shapiro, Carl, 1991. "Horizontal Mergers: Reply," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 81(4), pages 1007-11, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  20. Bolton, Patrick & Farrell, Joseph, 1990. "Decentralization, Duplication, and Delay," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 98(4), pages 803-26, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  21. Dekel, Eddie & Farrell, Joseph, 1990. "One-sided patience with one-sided communication does not justify stackelberg equilibrium," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 2(4), pages 299-303, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  22. Farrell, Joseph & Shapiro, Carl, 1990. "Horizontal Mergers: An Equilibrium Analysis," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 80(1), pages 107-26, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  23. Joseph Farrell & Carl Shapiro, 1990. "Asset Ownership and Market Structure in Oligopoly," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 21(2), pages 275-292, Summer. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  24. Farrell, Joseph & Shapiro, Carl, 1989. "Optimal Contracts with Lock-In," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 79(1), pages 51-68, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  25. Farrell, Joseph & Maskin, Eric, 1989. "Renegotiation-proof equilibrium: Reply," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 49(2), pages 376-378, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  26. Farrell, Joseph & Gibbons, Robert, 1989. "Cheap talk can matter in bargaining," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 48(1), pages 221-237, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  27. Farrell, Joseph & Gibbons, Robert, 1989. "Cheap Talk with Two Audiences," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 79(5), pages 1214-23, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  28. Farrell, Joseph & Lander, Eric, 1989. "Competition between and within teams : The Lifeboat Principle," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 29(3), pages 205-208. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  29. Farrell, Joseph & Maskin, Eric, 1989. "Renegotiation in repeated games," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 1(4), pages 327-360, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  30. Farrell, Joseph, 1988. "Puzzles: Sylvia, Ice Cream and More," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 2(3), pages 175-82, Summer. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  31. Joseph Farrell & Garth Saloner, 1988. "Coordination through Committees and Markets," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 19(2), pages 235-252, Summer.
    Other versions:

  32. Farrell, Joseph, 1988. "Communication, coordination and Nash equilibrium," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 27(3), pages 209-214. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  33. Farrell, Joseph & Scotchmer, Suzanne, 1988. "Partnerships," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 103(2), pages 279-97, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  34. Joseph Farrell & Carl Shapiro, 1988. "Dynamic Competition with Switching Costs," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 19(1), pages 123-137, Spring. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  35. Farrell, Joseph & Gallini, Nancy T, 1988. "Second-Sourcing as a Commitment: Monopoly Incentives to Attract Competition," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 103(4), pages 673-94, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  36. Joseph Farrell, 1987. "Cheap Talk, Coordination, and Entry," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 18(1), pages 34-39, Spring. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  37. Farrell, Joseph, 1987. "Information and the Coase Theorem," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 1(2), pages 113-29, Fall. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  38. Farrell, Joseph, 1987. "Rigidity vs. License," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 77(1), pages 195-97, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  39. Joseph Farrell, 1986. "Moral Hazard as an Entry Barrier," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 17(3), pages 440-449, Autumn. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  40. Farrell, Joseph, 1986. "A note on inertia in market share," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 21(1), pages 73-75. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  41. Farrell, Joseph & Saloner, Garth, 1986. "Standardization and variety," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 20(1), pages 71-74. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  42. Farrell, Joseph, 1986. "Experience rating and premium risk," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 21(4), pages 311-314. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

  43. Farrell, Joseph, 1986. "How effective is potential competition?," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 20(1), pages 67-70. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  44. Farrell, Joseph, 1985. "Owner-consumers and efficiency," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 19(4), pages 303-306. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:

  45. Joseph Farrell & Garth Saloner, 1985. "Standardization, Compatibility, and Innovation," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 16(1), pages 70-83, Spring. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:


Chapters

  1. Farrell, Joseph & Klemperer, Paul, 2007. "Coordination and Lock-In: Competition with Switching Costs and Network Effects," Handbook of Industrial Organization, Elsevier. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:


Books

  1. Severin Borenstein & Joseph Farrell, 1998. "Inside the Pin-Factory: Empirical Studies Augmented by Manager Interviews," NBER Books, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number bore98-1, September.

  2. RePEc:cup:cbooks:9780521605212 is not listed on IDEAS

  3. RePEc:cup:cbooks:9780521844154 is not listed on IDEAS


NEP Fields

20 papers by this author were announced in
NEP, and specifically in the following field reports (number of papers):
  1. NEP-CFN: Corporate Finance (1) 2001-11-05
  2. NEP-COM: Industrial Competition (9) 2003-03-25 2003-03-25 2004-01-12 2004-01-12 2004-05-09 2004-05-09 2005-04-16 2006-07-28 2006-10-28 Author is listed
  3. NEP-CSE: Economics of Strategic Management (2) 2006-07-28 2006-10-28
  4. NEP-ENT: Entrepreneurship (3) 2001-11-05 2002-01-22 2002-05-03
  5. NEP-HPE: History & Philosophy of Economics (1) 2005-04-16
  6. NEP-ICT: Information & Communication Technologies (1) 2006-07-28
  7. NEP-IND: Industrial Organization (2) 2003-03-25 2004-01-12
  8. NEP-INO: Innovation (2) 2004-05-09 2004-05-09
  9. NEP-KNM: Knowledge Management & Knowledge Economy (1) 2006-10-28
  10. NEP-LAW: Law & Economics (2) 2003-03-25 2004-01-12
  11. NEP-MIC: Microeconomics (5) 2002-05-03 2002-05-03 2003-03-25 2006-07-28 2006-10-28 Author is listed
  12. NEP-NET: Network Economics (7) 2001-11-05 2002-01-22 2002-05-03 2003-03-25 2004-01-25 2006-07-28 2006-10-28 Author is listed
  13. NEP-POL: Positive Political Economics (2) 2001-11-05 2002-01-22
  14. NEP-REG: Regulation (1) 2001-11-05
  15. NEP-TID: Technology & Industrial Dynamics (8) 2000-08-15 2001-02-14 2001-11-05 2001-11-05 2002-01-22 2004-01-12 2006-07-28 2006-10-28 Author is listed

Did you know? There is a FAQ (frequently asked questions).

This page was last updated on 2009-11-5.


This information is provided to you by IDEAS at the Department of Economics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Connecticut using RePEc data on a server sponsored by the Society for Economic Dynamics.