Regime-switching monetary and fiscal policy rules and their interaction: an Indian case study

The recession following the sub-prime crisis has rekindled international interest in the field of monetary and fiscal policy interaction. However, very little has been done to appropriately estimate these dynamic policies. This paper estimates regime- switching monetary and fiscal policy rules and lays strong emphasis on mis-specification testing. We apply a Markov regime-switching model to estimate monetary and fiscal policy rules for India to highlight the evolving stance of Indian macro-policy for the period 1951–2008 and investigate the behaviour of select macroeconomic variables under the estimated policy regimes. Our results suggest that, in India, fiscal policy was largely active for the entire period except for a few periods of restraint. Monetary policy, despite achieving greater autonomy post-1990s, has largely been accommodating fiscal policy. Whenever monetary policy became active, fiscal policy undermined monetary policy’s effectiveness by not accommodating accordingly. We argue for an aggressive monetary policy and a constrained fiscal policy in India.