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Can Country‐of‐Origin Labeling Succeed as a Marketing Tool for Produce? Lessons from Three Case Studies

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  • Colin Carter
  • Barry Krissoff
  • Alix Peterson Zwane

Abstract

This paper draws on the theory of product differentiation in a trade context and uses three case studies to highlight the conditions necessary for a successful geographical‐origin branding strategy for farm produce in the United States. In so doing, the U.S. country‐of‐origin labeling (COOL) scheme as a branding strategy for produce is assessed. The paper argues that the use of geographic identifiers to achieve product differentiation is viable, but any claim that such differentiation will prove useful at the country level for farm produce seems likely to be misplaced. In order to raise prices, a key complement to branding is some restriction on the volume of product going out under the brand name. These restrictions may be accomplished by supply controls, quality controls, or entry barriers, but will not be available to all U.S. products currently hoping to gain from mandatory COOL. Le présent article s'appuie sur la théorie de la différenciation des produits dans un contexte commercial et utilise trois études de cas pour faire ressortir les conditions nécessaires pour réussir une stratégie de la marque distinctive selon l'origine géographique des produits agricoles aux États‐Unis. Nous avons examiné le programme états‐unien d'étiquetage du pays d'origine (COOL) comme stratégie de la marque distinctive. Le présent article soutient que l'utilisation d'identificateurs géographiques pour différencier les produits est viable, mais toute allégation voulant que ce genre de différenciation se révèle utile à l'échelle nationale pour les produits agricoles semble inappropriée. Pour hausser les prix, il faudrait, en plus d'utiliser la marque distinctive, imposer certaines restrictions quant au volume de produits emballés sous la marque du fabricant. Ces restrictions peuvent être imposées par le contrôle des approvisionnements, le contrôle de la qualité ou la mise en place de barrières à l'entrée, mais elles ne pourront toucher tous les produits états‐uniens qui espèrent actuellement tirer un gain du programme COOL obligatoire.

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  • Colin Carter & Barry Krissoff & Alix Peterson Zwane, 2006. "Can Country‐of‐Origin Labeling Succeed as a Marketing Tool for Produce? Lessons from Three Case Studies," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 54(4), pages 513-530, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:canjag:v:54:y:2006:i:4:p:513-530
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7976.2006.00064.x
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    1. Roxanne Clemens, 2002. "Why Can't Vidalia Onions Be Grown in Iowa? Developing a Branded Agricultural Product," Midwest Agribusiness Trade Research and Information Center (MATRIC) Publications (archive only) 02-mbp3, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University.
    2. George A. Akerlof, 1970. "The Market for "Lemons": Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 84(3), pages 488-500.
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    1. Verbeke, Wim & Roosen, Jutta, 2009. "Market Differentiation Potential of Country-of-origin, Quality and Traceability Labeling," Estey Centre Journal of International Law and Trade Policy, Estey Centre for Law and Economics in International Trade, vol. 10(1), pages 1-16.
    2. Chakrabarti, Anwesha & Shonkwiler, Vanessa & Campbell, Julie, 2023. "VIDALIA Branding and Co-labeling Strategy: A Cluster Analysis of Sweet Onion Buyers and Potential Buyers," Journal of Food Distribution Research, Food Distribution Research Society, vol. 54(2), July.
    3. Carola Grebitus & Anne O. Peschel & Renée Shaw Hughner, 2018. "Voluntary food labeling: The additive effect of “free from” labels and region of origin," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 34(4), pages 714-727, October.
    4. Wen S. Chern & Huei-Ching Lin, 2010. "Analysis of Country of Origin Labeling for Food Products in Taiwan using Auction Experiment," ISER Discussion Paper 0788, Institute of Social and Economic Research, Osaka University.
    5. Innes, Brian G. & Kerr, William A. & Hobbs, Jill E., 2007. "International Product Differentiation through a Country Brand: An Economic Analysis of National Branding as a Marketing Strategy for Agricultural Products," Commissioned Papers 6131, Canadian Agricultural Trade Policy Research Network.
    6. Yuko Akune & Nobuhiro Hosoe, 2021. "Microdata analysis of Japanese farmers’ productivity: Estimating farm heterogeneity and elasticity of substitution among varieties," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 52(4), pages 633-644, July.
    7. Anita Silvana Ilak Peršurić, 2020. "Segmenting Olive Oil Consumers Based on Consumption and Preferences toward Extrinsic, Intrinsic and Sensorial Attributes of Olive Oil," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-18, August.
    8. Chern, Wen S. & Lin, Huei-Ching, 2011. "Analysis of Country of Origin Labeling for Food Products in Taiwan Using Auction Experiment with Tasting," 2011 Annual Meeting, July 24-26, 2011, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 103219, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    9. Lewis, Karen E. & Grebitus, Carola & Nayga, Rodolfo M., 2016. "U.S. consumers’ preferences for imported and genetically modified sugar: Examining policy consequentiality in a choice experiment," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 1-8.
    10. Áron Török & Lili Jantyik & Zalán Márk Maró & Hazel V. J. Moir, 2020. "Understanding the Real-World Impact of Geographical Indications: A Critical Review of the Empirical Economic Literature," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-24, November.
    11. Wen Chern & Huei-Ching Lin, 2012. "Taiwanese Consumer Valuation of Country of Origin Labeling Using Auction Experiment with Tasting," Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Springer, vol. 33(2), pages 184-198, June.
    12. Luisa Menapace & Gregory Colson & Carola Grebitus & Maria Facendola, 2011. "Consumers' preferences for geographical origin labels: evidence from the Canadian olive oil market," European Review of Agricultural Economics, Oxford University Press and the European Agricultural and Applied Economics Publications Foundation, vol. 38(2), pages 193-212, June.
    13. Nicholas Rivers & Brandon Schaufele, 2015. "The Effect of Carbon Taxes on Agricultural Trade," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 63(2), pages 235-257, June.
    14. Edgar E. Twine & James Rude & Jim Unterschultz, 2016. "Country of Origin Labeling and Structural Change in U.S. Imports of Canadian Cattle and Beef," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 64(3), pages 545-563, September.
    15. Dentoni, Domenico & Menozzi, Davide & Capelli, Maria Giacinta, 2012. "Group heterogeneity and cooperation on the geographical indication regulation: The case of the “Prosciutto di Parma” Consortium," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 207-216.
    16. Chern, Wen S. & Chang, Chun-Yu, 2009. "Benefit Evaluation of the Country of Origin Labeling in Taiwan: Results from Auction Experiment," 2009 Annual Meeting, July 26-28, 2009, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 49215, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    17. Lewis, Karen E. & Grebitus, Carola, 2013. "Consumers’ Attitudes towards Country of Origin Labeling for Sugar," 2013 Annual Meeting, August 4-6, 2013, Washington, D.C. 150162, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    18. Perret, Anna O. & Thevenod-Mottet, Erik, 2010. "The Florida oranges local agro-food system – Geographical Indication or Commodity?," 116th Seminar, October 27-30, 2010, Parma, Italy 95215, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
    19. Joseph, Siny & Lavoie, Nathalie, 2008. "Effectiveness of COOL in the U.S. Seafood Industry," 2008 Annual Meeting, July 27-29, 2008, Orlando, Florida 6260, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association).
    20. Dentoni, Domenico & Menozzi, Davide & Capelli, Maria Giacinta, 2010. "Heterogeneity of Members’ Characteristics and Cooperation within Producer Groups Regulating Geographical Indications: The Case of the “Prosciutto di Parma” Consortium," 116th Seminar, October 27-30, 2010, Parma, Italy 95203, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
    21. Alexander E. Saak, 2011. "A Model of Labeling with Horizontal Differentiation and Cost Variability," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 93(4), pages 1131-1150.

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