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Free Trade, Growth, and Convergence
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Cited by:
- Xuepeng Liu, 2009. "Trade and income convergence: Sorting out the causality," The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(1), pages 169-195.
- Alexander B. Darku, 2021. "International trade and income convergence: Sorting out the nature of bilateral trade," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(4), pages 5337-5348, October.
- Chun‐Yu Ho & Dan Li, 2010. "Spatial Dependence and Divergence across Chinese Cities," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 14(2), pages 386-403, May.
- Utku Utkulu & Durmus Özdemir, 2005.
"Does Trade Liberalization Cause a Long Run Economic Growth in Turkey,"
Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 37(3), pages 245-266, September.
- Utku Utkulu & Durmus Özdemir, 2004. "Does Trade Liberalization Cause a Long Run Economic Growth in Turkey," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 37(3), pages 245-266, September.
- UTKULU Utku & OZDEMIR Durmus, 2010. "Does Trade Liberalization Cause a Long Run Economic Growth in Turkey?," EcoMod2003 330700147, EcoMod.
- Rodolfo Cermeño, 2002. "Growth convergence clubs: Evidence from Markov-switching models using panel data," 10th International Conference on Panel Data, Berlin, July 5-6, 2002 D5-3, International Conferences on Panel Data.
- Chad Stroomer & David E.A. Giles, 2003. "Income Convergence and trade Openness: Fuzzy Clustering and Time Series Evidence," Econometrics Working Papers 0304, Department of Economics, University of Victoria.
- Dan Ben-David & Ayal Kimhi, 2001.
"Trade and the rate of income convergence,"
The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(4), pages 419-441.
- Ben-David, Dan & Kimhi, Ayal, 2000. "Trade And The Rate Of Income Convergence," CEPR Discussion Papers 2390, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Dan Ben-David & Ayal Kimhi, 2000. "Trade and the Rate of Income Convergence," NBER Working Papers 7642, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Caplan, Bryan, 2003. "The idea trap: the political economy of growth divergence," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 19(2), pages 183-203, June.
- Yoshiaki Sugimoto, 2006. "Endogenous Trade Policy: Political Struggle in the Growth Process," ISER Discussion Paper 0678, Institute of Social and Economic Research, Osaka University.
- Titus Awokuse, 2006.
"Export-led growth and the Japanese economy: evidence from VAR and directed acyclic graphs,"
Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 38(5), pages 593-602.
- Titus Awokuse, 2005. "Export-led growth and the Japanese economy: evidence from VAR and directed acyclic graphs," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(14), pages 849-858.
- Khandaker Jahangir Alam & Khairul Kabir Sumon, 2020. "Causal Relationship between Trade Openness and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis of Asian Countries," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 10(1), pages 118-126.
- Tóth, József & Gál, Péter, 2014. "Is the New Wine World more efficient? Factors influencing technical efficiency of wine production," Studies in Agricultural Economics, Research Institute for Agricultural Economics, vol. 116(2), pages 1-5, August.
- Sugimoto, Yoshiaki & Nakagawa, Masao, 2011. "Endogenous trade policy: Political struggle in the growth process," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 12-29, February.
- Chin Hee Hahn, 2004. "Exporting and Performance of Plants: Evidence from Korean Manufacturing," NBER Working Papers 10208, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Kunofiwa Tsaurai, 2017. "Foreign Direct Investment-Growth Nexus in Emerging Markets: does Human Capital Development Matter?," Acta Universitatis Danubius. OEconomica, Danubius University of Galati, issue 13(6), pages 174-189, DECEMBER.
- repec:use:tkiwps:2929 is not listed on IDEAS
- Krishna, Kala & Ozyildirim, Ataman & Swanson, Norman R., 2003.
"Trade, investment and growth: nexus, analysis and prognosis,"
Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(2), pages 479-499, April.
- Kala Krishna & Ataman Ozyildirim & Norman R. Swanson, 1998. "Trade, Investment, and Growth: Nexus, Analysis, and Prognosis," NBER Working Papers 6861, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- David Giles & Chad Stroomer, 2006.
"Does Trade Openness Affect the Speed of Output Convergence? Some Empirical Evidence,"
Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 31(4), pages 883-903, November.
- David E. A. Giles & Chad Stroomer, 2003. "Does Trade Openness Affect the Speed of Output Convergence? Some Empirical Evidence," Econometrics Working Papers 0307, Department of Economics, University of Victoria.
- David E. Giles & Chad N. Stroomer, 2005. "Does Trade Openness Affect the Speed of Output Convergence? Some Empirical Evidence," Econometrics Working Papers 0509, Department of Economics, University of Victoria.
- Hagemejer, Jan & Muck, Jakub, 2018.
"Unraveling the economic performance of the CEEC countries.The role of exports and global value chains,"
Conference papers
332998, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project.
- Jan Hagemejer & Jakub Mućk, 2018. "Unraveling the economic performance of the CEEC countries. The role of exports and global value chains," NBP Working Papers 283, Narodowy Bank Polski.
- Jan Hagemejer & Jakub Muck, 2018. "Unraveling the economic performance of the CEEC countries. The role of exports and global value chains," KAE Working Papers 2018-032, Warsaw School of Economics, Collegium of Economic Analysis.
- Jan Hagemejer & Jakub Mućk, 2018. "Unraveling the economic performance of the CEEC countries: the role of exports and global value chains," Working Papers 2018-07, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw.
- Norman Loayza & Pablo Fajnzylber & César Calderón, 2005.
"Economic Growth in Latin America and the Caribbean : Stylized Facts, Explanations, and Forecasts,"
World Bank Publications - Books,
The World Bank Group, number 7315.
- Norman Loayza & Pablo Fajnzylber & César Calderón, 2004. "Economic Growth in Latin America and The Caribbean: Stylized Facts, Explanations, and Forecasts," Working Papers Central Bank of Chile 265, Central Bank of Chile.
- Theo S Eicher & Klaas vant Veld, 2000.
"Search in Research: An Evolutionary Approach to Technical Change and Growth","
Discussion Papers in Economics at the University of Washington
0005, Department of Economics at the University of Washington.
- Theo S Eicher & Klaas vant Veld, 2000. "Search in Research: An Evolutionary Approach to Technical Change and Growth"," Working Papers 0005, University of Washington, Department of Economics.
- Theo Eicher, 2002. "Search in Research: An Evolutionary Approach to Technical Change and Growth," Computing in Economics and Finance 2002 197, Society for Computational Economics.
- repec:idn:journl:v:1:y:2019:i:sp3:p:1-18 is not listed on IDEAS
- Mark Funk, 2001. "Trade and International R&D Spillovers among OECD Countries," Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 67(3), pages 725-736, January.
- . OLABISI, Olabode E & LAU, Evan, 2018. "Causality Testing between Trade Openness, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: Fresh Evidence from Sub-Saharan African Countries," Economia Internazionale / International Economics, Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato Agricoltura di Genova, vol. 71(4), pages 437-464.
- S.M. Shafaeddin, 2005. "Trade Liberalization And Economic Reform In Developing Countries: Structural Change Or De-Industrialization?," UNCTAD Discussion Papers 179, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
- Thanh Tam Nguyen-Huu & Khac Minh Nguyen & Quoc Tran-Nam, 2022. "The role of environmental practices and innovation in total factor productivity convergence -Evidence from small-and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises in Vietnam," Post-Print hal-04248191, HAL.
- R Harris & Q Li, "undated".
"Exporting, R&D and Absorptive Capacity in UK Establishments: Evidence from the 2001 Community Innovation Survey,"
Working Papers
2006_19, Business School - Economics, University of Glasgow.
- Qian Li & Richard Harris, 2006. "Exporting, R&D and Absorptive Capacity in UK Establishments: Evidence from the 2001 Community Innovation Survey," EcoMod2006 272100051, EcoMod.
- Hung, Juann & Salomon, Matt & Sowerby, Stacia, 2004. "International trade and US productivity," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 18(1), pages 1-25, April.
- Lee, Jaehwa, 2009. "Trade, FDI, and productivity convergence: A dynamic panel data approach in 25 countries," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 21(3), pages 226-238, August.
- Changkyu Choi, 2009. "Does Bilateral Trade Lead To Income Convergence? Panel Evidence," Journal of Economic Development, Chung-Ang Unviersity, Department of Economics, vol. 34(1), pages 71-79, June.
- Tomasz Brodzicki, 2009. "Product variety and the export pattern of Poland 1999-2006," Working Papers of Economics of European Integration Division 0903, The Univeristy of Gdansk, Faculty of Economics, Economics of European Integration Division.
- Haruyama, Tetsugen & Zhao, Laixun, 2017. "Trade and firm heterogeneity in a Schumpeterian model of growth," Research in Economics, Elsevier, vol. 71(3), pages 540-563.
- Hollanders, Hugo & Soete, Luc & Weel, Bas ter, 1999. "Trends in Growth Convergence and Divergence and Changes in Technological Access and Capabilities," Research Memorandum 018, Maastricht University, Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT).
- Xiaohui Liu & Peter Burridge & P. J. N. Sinclair, 2002. "Relationships between economic growth, foreign direct investment and trade: evidence from China," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 34(11), pages 1433-1440.
- Prados de la Escosura, Leandro, 2000. "International Comparisons of Real Product, 1820-1990: An Alternative Data Set," Explorations in Economic History, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 1-41, January.
- Enock Kojo Ayesu & Daniel Sakyi & Alexander Bilson Darku, 2023. "Seaport efficiency, port throughput, and economic growth in Africa," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 25(3), pages 479-498, September.
- Shiok Ye Lim & Ricky Chee-Jiun Chia & Chong Mun Ho, 2010. "Long-run Validity of Export-Led Growth: An Empirical Reinvestigation from Linear and Nonlinear Cointegration Test," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 30(2), pages 1182-1190.
- Baig, Ahmed S. & Blau, Benjamin M. & Sabah, Nasim, 2021. "Free trade and the efficiency of financial markets," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 48(C).
- Hermassi Hela & Aloui Amel, 2016. "An Empirical Evaluation of the Sectoral Impact of International Trade on the Restructuring of the Production System: A Case Study of Tunisia," International Journal of Management Sciences, Research Academy of Social Sciences, vol. 7(6), pages 312-331.
- Trejos, Sandra & Barboza, Gustavo, 2015. "Dynamic estimation of the relationship between trade openness and output growth in Asia," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 110-125.
- Heinrich R. Bohlmann & Leoné Walters & Matthew W. Clance, 2016.
"The Impact of the COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Free Trade Agreement on the South African Economy,"
Working Papers
635, Economic Research Southern Africa.
- Leone Walters & Heinrich R. Bohlmann & Matthew W. Clance, 2016. "The Impact of the COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Free Trade Agreement on the South African Economy," Working Papers 201669, University of Pretoria, Department of Economics.
- Joan Costa‐Font & Eduardo Rodriguez‐Oreggia, 2005. "Trade and the Effect of Public Investment on Regional Inequalities in Heterogeneously Integrated Areas," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(6), pages 873-891, June.
- Robert Salomon & Byungchae Jin, 2008. "Does knowledge spill to leaders or laggards? Exploring industry heterogeneity in learning by exporting," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 39(1), pages 132-150, January.
- Grier, Kevin B. & Grier, Robin M., 2021. "The Washington consensus works: Causal effects of reform, 1970-2015," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(1), pages 59-72.
- Chin Hee Hahn, 2005. "Exporting and Performance of Plants: Evidence on Korea," NBER Chapters, in: International Trade in East Asia, pages 53-80, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Fabien Rondeau & Nolwenn Roudaut, 2014.
"What Diversification of Trade Matters for Economic Growth of Developing Countries?,"
Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 34(3), pages 1485-1497.
- Fabien Rondeau & Nolwen Roudaut, 2014. "What Diversification of Trade Matters for Economic Growth of Developing Countries?," Economics Working Paper Archive (University of Rennes & University of Caen) 201407, Center for Research in Economics and Management (CREM), University of Rennes, University of Caen and CNRS.
- Fabien Rondeau & Nolwenn Roudaut, 2014. "What Diversification of Trade Matters for Economic Growth of Developing Countries?," Post-Print halshs-01074085, HAL.
- Juncal Cuñado & Blanca Sanchez-Robles, 2000. "Sectoral structure and real convergence among Spanish regions," International Advances in Economic Research, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 6(2), pages 259-270, May.
- Daniel Sakyi & Jose Villaverde & Adolfo Maza & Krishna Reddy Chittedieonardo, 2012. "Trade Openness, Growth and Development: Evidence from Heterogeneous Panel Cointegration Analysis for Middle-Income Countries," Revista Cuadernos de Economia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, FCE, CID, August.
- Cameron, Gavin & Proudman, James & Redding, Stephen, 2005. "Technological convergence, R&D, trade and productivity growth," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 49(3), pages 775-807, April.
- Sena Kimm Gnangnon, 2017. "The Impact of Multilateral Trade Liberalisation on Economic Development: Some Empirical Evidence," Economic Affairs, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(3), pages 397-410, October.
- Alvarez-Cuadrado, Francisco & Pintea, Mihaela I., 2009. "A quantitative exploration of the Golden Age of European growth," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 33(7), pages 1437-1450, July.
- Sharma Shalendra D., 2008. "The Many Faces of Today's Globalization: A Survey of Recent Literature," New Global Studies, De Gruyter, vol. 2(2), pages 1-29, June.
- Muhammad Arshad Khan & Ayaz Ahmed, 2012. "Modelling Trade, Investment, Growth and Liberalisation: Case Study of Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 51(4), pages 187-208.
- R. Rijesh, 2015. "Technology Import and Manufacturing Productivity in India: Firm Level Analysis," Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, Springer, vol. 15(4), pages 411-434, December.
- Bhushan Praveen Jangam & Badri Narayan Rath, 2020.
"Cross-country convergence in global value chains: Evidence from club convergence analysis,"
International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 163, pages 134-146.
- Jangam, Bhushan Praveen & Rath, Badri Narayan, 2020. "Cross-country convergence in global value chains: Evidence from club convergence analysis," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 134-146.
- Adolfo Cristóbal Campoamor, 2019. "Gradual trade liberalization in a North–South model of the product cycle," Journal of Economics, Springer, vol. 127(3), pages 265-292, August.
- Kunofiwa Tsaurai, 2017. "Is foreign Portfolio Equity Investment Inspired Growth Hypothesis Relevant in Emerging Markets?," EuroEconomica, Danubius University of Galati, issue 2(36), pages 78-90, November.
- Reppas, Panayiotis A. & Christopoulos, Dimitris K., 2005. "The export-output growth nexus: Evidence from African and Asian countries," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 27(8), pages 929-940, November.
- Nyoni, Thabani, 2019. "Exports and imports in Zimbabwe: recent insights from artificial neural networks," MPRA Paper 96906, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Andrew B. Bernard & J. Bradford Jensen, 1999.
"Exporting and Productivity,"
NBER Working Papers
7135, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Andrew B. Bernard & J. Bradford Jensen, 2000. "Exporting and Productivity," Working Papers 00-07, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
- Gheorghe Zaman & Zizi Goschin, 2017. "Factors That Promote Export Convergence: A Spatial Analysis In Romania," Romanian Journal of Regional Science, Romanian Regional Science Association, vol. 11(1), pages 1-17, June.
- Holger Graf & Hoda Mohamed, 2023. "Beyond Trading: Knowledge Spillovers and learning-by-exporting in Global Value Chains," Jena Economics Research Papers 2023-008, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena.
- Zamanian Gholamreza & Pourshahabi Farshid & Shirazi Ali, 2010. "Interaction of Export Instability and Openness-Growth Nexus In East Asia and Pacific Countries (1990-2006)," American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, Science Publications, vol. 2(1), pages 39-44, March.
- Ahmed Nawaz Hakro & Bashir Ahmad Fida, 2009. "Trade and Income Convergence in Selected South Asian Countries and Their Trading Partners," Lahore Journal of Economics, Department of Economics, The Lahore School of Economics, vol. 14(2), pages 49-70, Jul-Dec.
- Maryam Ishaq, 2020. "Regional Economic Integration and Productivity Convergence: Empirical Evidence from East Asia," Lahore Journal of Economics, Department of Economics, The Lahore School of Economics, vol. 25(2), pages 23-53, July-Dec.
- Chang, Yang-Ming & Sargsyan, Ruben, 2022. "Revenue-neutral or profit-neutral tariff and tax reforms under imperfect competition: Welfare implications," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 1-11.
- Serrano, Guadalupe & Lopez-Bazo, Enrique & Garcia-Sanchis, Jose Ramon, 2002.
"Complementarity between human capital and trade in regional technological progress,"
ERSA conference papers
ersa02p013, European Regional Science Association.
- Guadalupe Serrano & Enrique Lopez Bazo & Jose Ramon Garcia Sanchi, 2002. "Complementarity between human capital and trade in regional technological progress," Working Papers in Economics 83, Universitat de Barcelona. Espai de Recerca en Economia.
- Bos, J.W.B. & Economidou, C. & Koetter, M. & Kolari, J.W., 2010. "Do all countries grow alike?," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 91(1), pages 113-127, January.
- Gankou, Jean-Marie Fowagap & Mougnol, A. Ekoula Herve William, 2014. "Commerce intra CEMAC et consommation des ménages au Cameroun : analyse par un MEGC," Conference papers 332540, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project.
- Yudon, Y. & Weeks, M., 2000. "Provincial Income Convergence in China, 1953-1997: a Panel Data Approach," Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 0010, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
- Been-Lon Chen & Shun-Fa Lee & Shimomura Koji, 2009.
"Import Tariffs and Growth in a Model with Habits,"
Springer Books, in: Takashi Kamihigashi & Laixun Zhao (ed.), International Trade and Economic Dynamics, pages 299-322,
Springer.
- Chen, Been-Lon & Lee, Shun-Fa, 2007. "Import Tariffs and Growth in a Model with Habits," MPRA Paper 27667, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Abdus Samad, 2011. "Exploring Exports and Economic Growth Causality in Algeria," Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, AMH International, vol. 2(3), pages 92-96.
- Blau, Benjamin M., 2017. "Economic freedom and crashes in financial markets," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 33-46.
- Davor Mikulic & Ivan Kovac, 2012. "The Role Of International Trade In Convergence Process," Montenegrin Journal of Economics, Economic Laboratory for Transition Research (ELIT), vol. 8(4), pages 7-26.
- Hamideh Ramjerdi, 2007. "Growth and productivity measures of China’s due to international trade: PRC’S experience 1970–1993," Asia Europe Journal, Springer, vol. 5(2), pages 253-265, June.
- Nicholas Apergis & Claire Economidou & Ioannis Filippidis, 2008.
"Innovation, Technology Transfer and Labor Productivity Linkages: Evidence from a Panel of Manufacturing Industries,"
Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 144(3), pages 491-508, October.
- N. Apergis & C. Economidou & I. Filippidis, 2008. "Innovation, Technology Transfer and Labor Productivity Linkages: Evidence from a Panel of Manufacturing Industries," Working Papers 08-29, Utrecht School of Economics.
- Lee, Shun-Fa, 2010. "Tariff, Growth, and Welfare," MPRA Paper 27486, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Rishav Bista & Brandon J. Sheridan, 2021. "Economic growth takeoffs and the extensive and intensive margins of trade," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 25(3), pages 1373-1396, August.
- repec:bla:econom:v:66:y:1999:i:262:p:209-24 is not listed on IDEAS
- Yoshiaki Sugimoto, 2005. "Endogenous Globalization and Income Divergence," Development and Comp Systems 0503003, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Sahoo, Auro Kumar & Sahoo, Dukhabandhu & Sahu, Naresh Chandra, 2014. "Mining export, industrial production and economic growth: A cointegration and causality analysis for India," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 27-34.
- Ting Li Liu & Muhammad Mateen Naveed & Sohaib Mustafa & Muhammad Tahir Naveed, 2024. "Analysing the impact of digital technology diffusion on the efficiency and convergence process of the commercial banking industry of Pakistan," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-27, December.
- Konstantaras, Konstantinos & Philippas, Dionisis & Siriopoulos, Costas, 2018. "Trade asymmetries in the Mediterranean basin," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, vol. 17(C), pages 13-20.
- Jinyoung Kim, 2007. "Catching-up and Falling-behind in Economic Development: A Human Capital Approach," Discussion Paper Series 0707, Institute of Economic Research, Korea University.
- Yuanxin Peng & Zhuo Chen & Juanzhi Xu & Jay Lee, 2020. "Analysis of green total factor productivity trend and its determinants for the countries along silk roads," Growth and Change, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 51(4), pages 1711-1726, December.
- Jakub Growiec, 2005. "Dynamika konwergencji Polski z Unią Europejską," Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics, Warsaw School of Economics, issue 5-6, pages 101-118.
- Fofack, Hippolyte, 2009. "Determinants of globalization and growth prospects for Sub-Saharan African countries," Policy Research Working Paper Series 5019, The World Bank.
- Davor Mikulic & Andrea Galic Nagyszombaty, 2015. "Does international trade cause regional growth differentials in Croatia," Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Economics and Business, vol. 33(1), pages 81-102.
- Vaseem Akram, 2018. "Does export diversification converge? Evidence from cross-country analysis," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 38(4), pages 2141-2151.