Nathaniel Frank
(We have lost contact with this author. Please ask them to update the entry or send us the correct address or status for this person. Thank you.)Personal Details
First Name: | Nathaniel |
Middle Name: | |
Last Name: | Frank |
Suffix: | |
RePEc Short-ID: | pfr169 |
[This author has chosen not to make the email address public] The above email address does not seem to be valid anymore. Please ask Nathaniel Frank to update the entry or send us the correct address or status for this person. Thank you.
| |
Affiliation
Oxford-Man Institute of Quantitative Finance
Oxford University
Oxford, United Kingdomhttp://www.oxford-man.ox.ac.uk/
RePEc:edi:omioxuk (more details at EDIRC)
Research output
Jump to: Working papers ArticlesWorking papers
- Nathaniel Frank & Mr. Heiko Hesse, 2009.
"Financial Spillovers to Emerging Markets During the Global Financial Crisis,"
IMF Working Papers
2009/104, International Monetary Fund.
- Nathaniel Frank & Heiko Hesse, 2009. "Financial Spillovers to Emerging Markets during the Global Financial Crisis," Czech Journal of Economics and Finance (Finance a uver), Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, vol. 59(6), pages 507-521, December.
- Nathaniel Frank, 2009. "Linkages between asset classes during the financial crisis, accounting for market microstructure noise and non-synchronous trading," Economics Papers 2009-W04, Economics Group, Nuffield College, University of Oxford.
- Mr. Heiko Hesse & Nathaniel Frank, 2009. "The Effectiveness of Central Bank Interventions During the First Phase of the Subprime Crisis," IMF Working Papers 2009/206, International Monetary Fund.
- Mr. Heiko Hesse & Nathaniel Frank & Ms. Brenda Gonzalez-Hermosillo, 2008. "Transmission of Liquidity Shocks: Evidence from the 2007 Subprime Crisis," IMF Working Papers 2008/200, International Monetary Fund.
- Frank, Nathaniel & Ley, Eduardo, 2008. "Refinements to the probabilistic approach to fiscal sustainability analysis," Policy Research Working Paper Series 4709, The World Bank.
Articles
- Nathaniel Frank & Eduardo Ley, 2009. "On the Probabilistic Approach to Fiscal Sustainability: Structural Breaks and Non-Normality," IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 56(4), pages 742-757, November.
- Nathaniel Frank & Heiko Hesse, 2009.
"Financial Spillovers to Emerging Markets during the Global Financial Crisis,"
Czech Journal of Economics and Finance (Finance a uver), Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, vol. 59(6), pages 507-521, December.
- Nathaniel Frank & Mr. Heiko Hesse, 2009. "Financial Spillovers to Emerging Markets During the Global Financial Crisis," IMF Working Papers 2009/104, International Monetary Fund.
Citations
Many of the citations below have been collected in an experimental project, CitEc, where a more detailed citation analysis can be found. These are citations from works listed in RePEc that could be analyzed mechanically. So far, only a minority of all works could be analyzed. See under "Corrections" how you can help improve the citation analysis.Working papers
- Nathaniel Frank & Mr. Heiko Hesse, 2009.
"Financial Spillovers to Emerging Markets During the Global Financial Crisis,"
IMF Working Papers
2009/104, International Monetary Fund.
- Nathaniel Frank & Heiko Hesse, 2009. "Financial Spillovers to Emerging Markets during the Global Financial Crisis," Czech Journal of Economics and Finance (Finance a uver), Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, vol. 59(6), pages 507-521, December.
Cited by:
- Amanjot Singh & Manjit Singh, 2016. "Investigating impact of financial stress on FII flows in Indian equity market," Cogent Business & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 3(1), pages 1190263-119, December.
- Leovardo Mata Mata & José Antonio Núñez Mora & Ramona Serrano Bautista, 2021. "Multivariate Distribution in the Stock Markets of Brazil, Russia, India, and China," SAGE Open, , vol. 11(2), pages 21582440211, April.
- Joanna Olbrys, 2013. "Asymmetric impact of innovations on volatility in the case of the US and CEEC-3 markets: EGARCH based approach," Dynamic Econometric Models, Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika, vol. 13, pages 33-50.
- Gilles Dufrénot & Benjamin Keddad & Alain Sand-Zantman, 2010.
"Financial spillovers from the US financial markets to the emerging markets during the subprime crisis: the example of Indian equity markets,"
Post-Print
halshs-00952114, HAL.
- Gilles Dufrénot & Benjamin Keddad & Alain Sand-Zantman, 2010. "Financial spillovers from the US financial markets to the emerging markets during the subprime crisis: the example of Indian equity markets," Documents de Travail de l'OFCE 2010-34, Observatoire Francais des Conjonctures Economiques (OFCE).
- Susanto, Dwi & Adcock, Flynn J. & Thevanedz, Shad & Rosson, C. Parr, III & Costa, Rafael F., 2010. "The Spillover Effects of the Global Financial Crisis on Latin America," 2010 Annual Meeting, July 25-27, 2010, Denver, Colorado 61422, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
- Eleonora Cutrini & Giorgio Galeazzi, 2012. "Can emerging economies decouple from the US business cycle?," Working Papers 41-2012, Macerata University, Department of Studies on Economic Development (DiSSE), revised Jul 2014.
- Edgardo Cayon & Susan Thorp, 2014.
"Financial Autarchy as Contagion Prevention: The Case of Colombian Pension Funds,"
Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(03), pages 122-139, May.
- Edgardo Cayon & Susan Thorp, 2013. "Financial Autarchy as Contagion Prevention: The Case of Colombian Pension Funds," Research Paper Series 323, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
- Edgardo Cayon & Susan Thorp, 2014. "Financial Autarchy as Contagion Prevention: The Case of Colombian Pension Funds," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(S3), pages 122-139.
- Numan Ülkü, 2011. "Modeling Comovement among Emerging Stock Markets: The Case of Budapest and Istanbul," Czech Journal of Economics and Finance (Finance a uver), Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, vol. 61(3), pages 277-304, July.
- Fabio Comelli, 2014. "Comparing Parametric and Non-parametric Early Warning Systems for Currency Crises in Emerging Market Economies," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 22(4), pages 700-721, September.
- Sercan Demiralay & Veysel Ulusoy, 2017. "How Has the Behavior of Cross-Market Correlations Altered During Financial and Debt Crises?," Manchester School, University of Manchester, vol. 85(6), pages 765-794, December.
- Dahiru A. Balaa & Taro Takimotob, 2017. "Stock markets volatility spillovers during financial crises: A DCC-MGARCH with skewed-t density approach," Borsa Istanbul Review, Research and Business Development Department, Borsa Istanbul, vol. 17(1), pages 25-48, March.
- Amira El-Shal, 2012. "The Spillover Effects of the Global Financial Crisis on Economic Activity in Emerging Economies – Investigating the Egyptian Case Using the Financial Stress Index," Working Papers 737, Economic Research Forum, revised 2012.
- Hatemi-J, Abdulnasser & Roca, Eduardo & Al-Shayeb, Abdulrahman, 2014. "How integrated are real estate markets with the world market? Evidence from case-wise bootstrap analysis," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 137-142.
- Mr. Fabio Comelli, 2014. "Comparing the Performance of Logit and Probit Early Warning Systems for Currency Crises in Emerging Market Economies," IMF Working Papers 2014/065, International Monetary Fund.
- Michal Jurek & Pawel Marszalek, 2014. "Subprime mortgages and the MBSs in generating and transmitting the global financial crisis," Working papers wpaper40, Financialisation, Economy, Society & Sustainable Development (FESSUD) Project.
- Irfan Akbar Kazi & Hakimzadi Wagan, 2014. "Are emerging markets exposed to contagion from U.S.: Evidence from stock and sovereign bond markets," Working Papers 2014-58, Department of Research, Ipag Business School.
- Pierre L. Siklos, 2011.
"Emerging Market Yield Spreads: Domestic, External Determinants, and Volatility Spillovers,"
Working Paper series
03_11, Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis.
- Siklos, Pierre L., 2011. "Emerging market yield spreads: Domestic, external determinants, and volatility spillovers," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 22(2), pages 83-100.
- Apanard Penny Angkinand & James R. Barth & Hyeongwoo Kim, 2010. "Spillover Effects from the US Financial Crises: Some Time-Series Evidence from National Stock Returns," Chapters, in: Benton E. Gup (ed.), The Financial and Economic Crises, chapter 2, Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Hee Soo Lee & Tae Yoon Kim, 2022. "A new analytical approach for identifying market contagion," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 8(1), pages 1-35, December.
- Aida Tatibekova & Mukhtar Bubeyev, 2020. "How regulation of bank capital adequacy and liquidity affects pricing of bonds of the banks," Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, VsI Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center, vol. 7(3), pages 1708-1722, March.
- Mr. Kenji Moriyama, 2010. "The Spillover Effects of the Global Crisison Economic Activity in Mena Emerging Market Countries: An Analysis Using the Financial Stress Index," IMF Working Papers 2010/008, International Monetary Fund.
- Narcisa Kadlcakova & Lubos Komarek & Zlatuse Komarkova & Michal Hlavacek, 2013.
"Identification of Asset Price Misalignments on Financial Markets With Extreme Value Theory,"
Working Papers
2013/14, Czech National Bank.
- Narcisa Kadlcakova & Lubos Komarek & Zlatuse Komarkova & Michal Hlavacek, 2016. "Identification of Asset Price Misalignments on Financial Markets With Extreme Value Theory," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 52(11), pages 2595-2609, November.
- Olson, Eric & Miller, Scott & Wohar, Mark E., 2012. "“Black Swans” before the “Black Swan” evidence from international LIBOR–OIS spreads," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(6), pages 1339-1357.
- Rudiger Ahrend & Antoine Goujard, 2012. "International Capital Mobility and Financial Fragility - Part 6. Are all Forms of Financial Integration Equally Risky in Times of Financial Turmoil?: Asset Price Contagion During the Global Financial ," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 969, OECD Publishing.
- Kamil Yilmaz, 2009.
"Return and Volatility Spillovers among the East Asian Equity Markets,"
Koç University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum Working Papers
0907, Koc University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum.
- Yilmaz, Kamil, 2010. "Return and volatility spillovers among the East Asian equity markets," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 21(3), pages 304-313, June.
- Maake, Tebogo & Bonga-Bonga, Lumengo, 2019.
"The relationship between carry trade and asset markets in South Africa,"
MPRA Paper
96667, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Lumengo Bonga-Bonga & Tebogo Maake, 2021. "The Relationship between Carry Trade and Asset Markets in South Africa," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-13, July.
- Priscilla Liang & Thomas D. Willett & Nan Zhang, 2010. "The Slow Spread Of The Global Crisis," Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy (JICEP), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 1(01), pages 33-58.
- Bong-Han Kim & Hyeongwoo Kim & Hong-Ghi Min, 2011.
"Reassessing the Link between the Japanese Yen and Emerging Asian Currencies,"
Auburn Economics Working Paper Series
auwp2011-05, Department of Economics, Auburn University.
- Kim, Bong-Han & Kim, Hyeongwoo & Min, Hong-Ghi, 2013. "Reassessing the link between the Japanese yen and emerging Asian currencies," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 306-326.
- Szczygielski, Jan Jakub & Bwanya, Princess Rutendo & Charteris, Ailie & Brzeszczyński, Janusz, 2021. "The only certainty is uncertainty: An analysis of the impact of COVID-19 uncertainty on regional stock markets," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 43(C).
- Edoardo Otranto & Romana Gargano, 2015.
"Financial clustering in presence of dominant markets,"
Advances in Data Analysis and Classification, Springer;German Classification Society - Gesellschaft für Klassifikation (GfKl);Japanese Classification Society (JCS);Classification and Data Analysis Group of the Italian Statistical Society (CLADAG);International Federation of Classification Societies (IFCS), vol. 9(3), pages 315-339, September.
- R. Gargano & E. Otranto, 2013. "Financial Clustering in Presence of Dominant Markets," Working Paper CRENoS 201318, Centre for North South Economic Research, University of Cagliari and Sassari, Sardinia.
- Bong-Han Kim & Hyeongwoo Kim, 2011.
"Spillover Effects of the US Financial Crisis on Financial Markets in Emerging Asian Countries,"
Auburn Economics Working Paper Series
auwp2011-04, Department of Economics, Auburn University.
- Bong-Han Kim & Hyeongwoo Kim & Bong-Soo Lee, 2012. "Spillover Effects of the U.S. Financial Crisis on Financial Markets in Emerging Asian Countries," Auburn Economics Working Paper Series auwp2012-06, Department of Economics, Auburn University.
- Kim, Bong-Han & Kim, Hyeongwoo & Lee, Bong-Soo, 2015. "Spillover effects of the U.S. financial crisis on financial markets in emerging Asian countries," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 192-210.
- Bong-Han Kim & Hyeongwoo Kim & Bong-Soo Lee, 2015. "Spillover Effects of the U.S. Financial Crisis on Financial Markets in Emerging Asian Countries," Auburn Economics Working Paper Series auwp2015-01, Department of Economics, Auburn University.
- International Monetary Fund, 2011. "Indonesia: Selected Issues," IMF Staff Country Reports 2011/310, International Monetary Fund.
- Elsayed, Ahmed H. & Ahmed, Habib & Husam Helmi, Mohamad, 2023. "Determinants of financial stability and risk transmission in dual financial system: Evidence from the COVID pandemic," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 85(C).
- Abdulnasser Hatemi-J & Eduardo Roca, 2010. "The Impact of the US Real Estate Market on Other Major Markets During Normal and Crisis Periods," Discussion Papers in Finance finance:201003, Griffith University, Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics.
- Prateek Sharma & Vipul, 2018. "Improving portfolio diversification: Identifying the right baskets for putting your eggs," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(6), pages 698-711, September.
- Magdalena Rădulescu, 2009. "Credit Policy and the Management of the Banking System in the EU Countries during the Financial Crisis," Annals of the University of Petrosani, Economics, University of Petrosani, Romania, vol. 9(4), pages 173-192.
- Martin Cihak, 2009. "Financial Crisis (introduction)," Czech Journal of Economics and Finance (Finance a uver), Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, vol. 59(6), pages 502-506, December.
- Mr. Heiko Hesse & Mr. Ferhan Salman & Mr. Christian Schmieder, 2014. "How to Capture Macro-Financial Spillover Effects in Stress Tests?," IMF Working Papers 2014/103, International Monetary Fund.
- Al-Mohana, Safa & Hatemi-J, Abdulnasser, 2016. "The Impact of Recent Crisis on the Real Estate Market on the UAE: Evidence from Asymmetric Methods," Economia Internazionale / International Economics, Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato Agricoltura di Genova, vol. 69(4), pages 389-428.
- Ms. Brenda Gonzalez-Hermosillo & Mr. Heiko Hesse, 2009. "Global Market Conditions and Systemic Risk," IMF Working Papers 2009/230, International Monetary Fund.
- Ahrend, Rudiger & Goujard, Antoine, 2014. "Are all forms of financial integration equally risky? Asset price contagion during the global financial crisis," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 14(C), pages 35-53.
- Rainer Masera, 2011. "Taking the moral hazard out of banking: the next fundamental step in financial reform," PSL Quarterly Review, Economia civile, vol. 64(257), pages 105-142.
- Sifat, Imtiaz & Zarei, Alireza & Hosseini, Seyedmehdi & Bouri, Elie, 2022. "Interbank liquidity risk transmission to large emerging markets in crisis periods," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
- Kim, Bong-Han & Kim, Seewon, 2013. "Transmission of the global financial crisis to Korea," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 35(2), pages 339-353.
- Sandoval Paucar, Giovanny, 2018. "Efectos de desbordamiento sobre los mercados financieros de Colombia. Identificación a través de la heterocedasticidad [Spillovers effects on financial markets of Colombia. Identification through h," MPRA Paper 90422, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Hatemi-J, Abdulnasser & Roca, Eduardo, 2011. "How globally contagious was the recent US real estate market crisis? Evidence based on a new contagion test," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 28(6), pages 2560-2565.
- Zhou, Xiangyi & Zhang, Weijin & Zhang, Jie, 2012. "Volatility spillovers between the Chinese and world equity markets," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 20(2), pages 247-270.
- Krishna Reddy Chittedi, 2015. "Financial Crisis and Contagion Effects to Indian Stock Market: ‘DCC–GARCH’ Analysis," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 16(1), pages 50-60, February.
- Valderrama, Laura, 2015. "Macroprudential regulation under repo funding," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 24(2), pages 178-199.
- Hwang, Eugene & Min, Hong-Ghi & Kim, Bong-Han & Kim, Hyeongwoo, 2013. "Determinants of stock market comovements among US and emerging economies during the US financial crisis," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 338-348.
- Stefano Fenoaltea, 2010. "The reconstruction of historical national accounts: the case of Italy," PSL Quarterly Review, Economia civile, vol. 63(252), pages 77-96.
- Guo, Xiaochun & Lu, Fengbin & Wei, Yunjie, 2021. "Capture the contagion network of bitcoin – Evidence from pre and mid COVID-19," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
- Edgardo Cayón, 2014. "The Effects of Contagion During the Global Financial Crisis in Government-Regulated and Sponsored Assets in Emerging Markets," PhD Thesis, Finance Discipline Group, UTS Business School, University of Technology, Sydney, number 3-2014, January-A.
- Jovan Njegic & Milica Stankovic & Dejan Živkov, 2019. "What Wavelet-Based Quantiles Can Suggest about the Stocks-Bond Interaction in the Emerging East Asian Economies?," Czech Journal of Economics and Finance (Finance a uver), Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, vol. 69(1), pages 95-119, February.
- Faruk Balli & Xuan Hu & Faisal Rana, 2020. "Bond market integration of emerging economies and bilateral linkages," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 60(3), pages 2039-2062, September.
- Mr. Fabio Comelli, 2013. "Comparing Parametric and Non-parametric Early Warning Systems for Currency Crises in Emerging Market Economies," IMF Working Papers 2013/134, International Monetary Fund.
- Mr. Tamon Asonuma & Mr. Said A Bakhache & Mr. Heiko Hesse, 2015. "Is Banks’ Home Bias Good or Bad for Public Debt Sustainability?," IMF Working Papers 2015/044, International Monetary Fund.
- Erten, Irem & Tuncel, Murat B. & Okay, Nesrin, 2012. "Volatility Spillovers in Emerging Markets During the Global Financial Crisis: Diagonal BEKK Approach," MPRA Paper 56190, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Syed Jawad Hussain Shahzad & Elie Bouri & Ladislav Kristoufek & Tareq Saeed, 2021. "Impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the US equity sectors: Evidence from quantile return spillovers," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 7(1), pages 1-23, December.
- Gabrisch, Hubert, 2015. "Cross-border finance, trade imbalances and competitiveness in the euro area," MPRA Paper 68518, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Indika Karunanayake & Abbas Valadkhani & Martin O'Brien, 2010. "Financial Crises And International Stock Market Volatility Transmission," Australian Economic Papers, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 49(3), pages 209-221, September.
- Ahmed Ashour Abdullah & Ahmed Mohamed Hassanien, 2022. "Spillovers of US Unconventional Monetary Policy to Emerging Markets: Evidence from Egypt," International Journal of Economics and Finance, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 14(6), pages 1-1, June.
- Sandip Dutta & Vignesh Prabhu, 2019. "Effect of Franchised Business models on Fast Food Company Stock Prices in Recession and Recovery with Weibull Analysis," Papers 1912.12940, arXiv.org.
- Ceylan Onay & Gözde Ünal, 2012. "Cointegration and Extreme Value Analyses of Bovespa and the Istanbul Stock Exchange," Czech Journal of Economics and Finance (Finance a uver), Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, vol. 62(1), pages 66-90, February.
- Stelios D. Bekiros, 2013. "Decoupling and the Spillover Effects of the US Financial Crisis: Evidence from the BRIC Markets," Working Paper series 21_13, Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis.
- Maria Ghani & Usman Ghani, 2024. "Economic Policy Uncertainty and Emerging Stock Market Volatility," Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, Springer;Japanese Association of Financial Economics and Engineering, vol. 31(1), pages 165-181, March.
- Dufrénot, Gilles & Keddad, Benjamin, 2014.
"Spillover effects of the 2008 global financial crisis on the volatility of the Indian equity markets: Coupling or uncoupling? A study on sector-based data,"
International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 17-32.
- Gilles Dufrénot & Benjamin Keddad, 2014. "Spillover effects of the 2008 global financial crisis on the volatility of the Indian equity markets: Coupling or uncoupling? A study on sector-based data," Post-Print hal-01474429, HAL.
- Andreou, Elena & Matsi, Maria & Savvides, Andreas, 2013.
"Stock and foreign exchange market linkages in emerging economies,"
Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 248-268.
- Elena Andreou & Maria Matsi & Andreas Savvides, 2013. "Stock and Foreign Exchange Market Linkages in Emerging Economies," University of Cyprus Working Papers in Economics 01-2013, University of Cyprus Department of Economics.
- Joanna Olbryś & Elżbieta Majewska, 2014. "Implications of market frictions: serial correlations in indexes on the emerging stock markets in Central and Eastern Europe," Operations Research and Decisions, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Management, vol. 24(1), pages 51-70.
- Abdulnasser Hatemi-J & Eduardo Roca, 2011. "Are Real Estate Markets Integrated with the World Market?," Discussion Papers in Finance finance:201111, Griffith University, Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics.
- Zhao, Shangmei & Chen, Xinyi & Zhang, Junhuan, 2019. "The systemic risk of China’s stock market during the crashes in 2008 and 2015," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 520(C), pages 161-177.
- Köksal, Bülent & Orhan, Mehmet, 2012. "Market risk of developed and developing countries during the global financial crisis," MPRA Paper 37523, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Cui, Jin & In, Francis & Maharaj, Elizabeth Ann, 2016. "What drives the Libor–OIS spread? Evidence from five major currency Libor–OIS spreads," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 358-375.
- Jiri Podpiera, 2012. "Financial Spillovers to Chile," IMF Working Papers 2012/254, International Monetary Fund.
- Nathaniel Frank, 2009.
"Linkages between asset classes during the financial crisis, accounting for market microstructure noise and non-synchronous trading,"
Economics Papers
2009-W04, Economics Group, Nuffield College, University of Oxford.
Cited by:
- Sylvia Gottschalk, 2016. "Entropy and credit risk in highly correlated markets," Papers 1604.07042, arXiv.org.
- Seyfi, Seyed Mohammad Sina & Sharifi, Azin & Arian, Hamidreza, 2021. "Portfolio Value-at-Risk and expected-shortfall using an efficient simulation approach based on Gaussian Mixture Model," Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (MATCOM), Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 1056-1079.
- Seyed Mohammad Sina Seyfi & Azin Sharifi & Hamidreza Arian, 2020. "Portfolio Risk Measurement Using a Mixture Simulation Approach," Papers 2011.07994, arXiv.org.
- Magdalena Osinska & Andrzej Dobrzynski & Yochanan Shachmurove, 2016. "Performance Of American And Russian Joint Stock Companies On Financial Market. A Microstructure Perspective," Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 11(4), pages 819-851, December.
- Gottschalk, Sylvia, 2017. "Entropy measure of credit risk in highly correlated markets," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 478(C), pages 11-19.
- Mr. Heiko Hesse & Nathaniel Frank, 2009.
"The Effectiveness of Central Bank Interventions During the First Phase of the Subprime Crisis,"
IMF Working Papers
2009/206, International Monetary Fund.
Cited by:
- Guidolin, Massimo & Tam, Yu Man, 2013.
"A yield spread perspective on the great financial crisis: Break-point test evidence,"
International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 18-39.
- Massimo Guidolin & Yu Man Tam, 2010. "A yield spread perspective on the great financial crisis: break-point test evidence," Working Papers 2010-026, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
- Aït-Sahalia, Yacine & Andritzky, Jochen & Jobst, Andreas & Nowak, Sylwia & Tamirisa, Natalia, 2012.
"Market response to policy initiatives during the global financial crisis,"
Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 87(1), pages 162-177.
- Yacine Aït-Sahalia & Jochen Andritzky & Andreas Jobst & Sylwia Nowak & Natalia Tamirisa, 2010. "Market Response to Policy Initiatives during the Global Financial Crisis," NBER Working Papers 15809, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Seth B. Carpenter & Selva Demiralp & Jens Eisenschmidt, 2013.
"The effectiveness of the non-standard policy measures during the financial crises: the experiences of the Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank,"
Finance and Economics Discussion Series
2013-34, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
- Eisenschmidt, Jens & Carpenter, Seth & Demiralp, Selva, 2013. "The effectiveness of the non-standard policy measures during the financial crises: the experiences of the federal reserve and the European Central Bank," Working Paper Series 1562, European Central Bank.
- Mark Carney, 2012. "Un marco de política monetaria para todas las estaciones," Boletín, CEMLA, vol. 0(2), pages 69-77, Abril-jun.
- Paolo Angelini & Andrea Nobili & Cristina Picillo, 2011.
"The Interbank Market after August 2007: What Has Changed, and Why?,"
Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 43(5), pages 923-958, August.
- Paolo Angelini & Andrea Nobili & Cristina Picillo, 2011. "The Interbank Market after August 2007: What Has Changed, and Why?," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 43(5), pages 923-958, August.
- Paolo Angelini & Andrea Nobili & Maria Cristina Picillo, 2009. "The interbank market after August 2007: what has changed, and why?," Temi di discussione (Economic working papers) 731, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
- Contessi, Silvio & De Pace, Pierangelo & Guidolin, Massimo, 2014.
"How did the financial crisis alter the correlations of U.S. yield spreads?,"
Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 362-385.
- Silvio Contessi & Pierangelo De Pace & Massimo Guidolin, 2013. "How did the financial crisis alter the correlations of U.S. yield spreads?," Working Papers 2013-005, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
- Désiré Kanga & Grégory Levieuge, 2017.
"An assessment of the effects of unconventional monetary policies on the cost of credit to non-financial companies in the eurozone [Une évaluation des effets des politiques monétaires non convention,"
Post-Print
hal-03539303, HAL.
- Désiré Kanga & Grégory Levieuge, 2017. "An assessment of the effects of unconventional monetary policies on the cost of credit to non-financial companies in the eurozone," Economie et Statistique / Economics and Statistics, Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (INSEE), issue 494-495-4, pages 91-110.
- Carla Soares & Paulo M.M. Rodrigues, 2011.
"Determinants of the EONIA spread and the financial crisis,"
Working Papers
w201112, Banco de Portugal, Economics and Research Department.
- Carla Soares & Paulo M. M. Rodrigues, 2013. "Determinants of the EONIA Spread and the Financial Crisis," Manchester School, University of Manchester, vol. 81, pages 82-110, October.
- Eurico Ferreira, 2019. "ECB, BoE and Fed Monetary-Policy announcements: price and volume effects on European securities markets," Working Papers w201914, Banco de Portugal, Economics and Research Department.
- Ruoxi Lu & David A. Bessler & David J. Leatham, 2018.
"The transmission of liquidity shocks via China's segmented money market: evidence from recent market events,"
Papers
1811.08949, arXiv.org.
- Lu, Ruoxi & Bessler, David A. & Leatham, David J., 2018. "The transmission of liquidity shocks via China's segmented money market: Evidence from recent market events," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 110-126.
- Woon Wong & Iris Biefang-Frisancho Mariscal & Peter Howells, 2019.
"Liquidity and credit risks in the UK’s financial crisis: how ‘quantitative easing’ changed the relationship,"
Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 51(3), pages 278-287, January.
- Woon K. Wong & Iris Biefang-Frisancho Mariscal & Wanru Yao & Peter Howells, 2016. "Liquidity and Credit Risks in the UK s Financial Crisis: How Quantitative Easing changed the relationship," Cardiff Economics Working Papers E2016/9, Cardiff University, Cardiff Business School, Economics Section.
- Dungey, Mardi & Milunovich, George & Thorp, Susan & Yang, Minxian, 2012.
"Endogenous crisis dating and contagion using smooth transition structural GARCH,"
Working Papers
15030, University of Tasmania, Tasmanian School of Business and Economics, revised 29 Aug 2012.
- Dungey, Mardi & Milunovich, George & Thorp, Susan & Yang, Minxian, 2015. "Endogenous crisis dating and contagion using smooth transition structural GARCH," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 71-79.
- Mardi Dungey & George Milunovich & Susan Thorp & Minxian Yang, 2012. "Endogenous Crisis Dating and Contagion Using Smooth Transition Structural GARCH," Research Paper Series 312, Quantitative Finance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney.
- Carlos Carvalho & Stefano Eusepi & Christian Grisser, 2012. "Iniciativas de política durante la recesión global. ¿Cuáles eran las expectativas de los analistas?," Boletín, CEMLA, vol. 0(2), pages 78-93, Abril-jun.
- International Monetary Fund, 2009. "How to Stop a Herd of Running Bears? Market Response to Policy Initiatives during the Global Financial Crisis," IMF Working Papers 2009/204, International Monetary Fund.
- Brossard, Olivier & Saroyan, Susanna, 2016. "Hoarding and short-squeezing in times of crisis: Evidence from the Euro overnight money market," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 163-185.
- Gil-Alana, Luis A. & Infante, Juan & Martín-Valmayor, Miguel Angel, 2023. "Persistence and long run co-movements across stock market prices," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 347-357.
- Petra Gerlach-Kristen, 2015. "The impact of ECB crisis measures on euro-area CDS spreads," Financial Markets and Portfolio Management, Springer;Swiss Society for Financial Market Research, vol. 29(2), pages 149-168, May.
- Ms. Brenda Gonzalez-Hermosillo & Mr. Heiko Hesse, 2009. "Global Market Conditions and Systemic Risk," IMF Working Papers 2009/230, International Monetary Fund.
- Florentina Melnic, 2017. "The Financial Crisis Response. Comparative Analysis Between European Union And Usa," Review of Economic and Business Studies, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, issue 19, pages 129-155, June.
- Olivier Brossard & Susanna Saroyan, 2016. "Hoarding and short-squeezing in times of crisis: Evidence from the Euro overnight money market," Post-Print hal-01293693, HAL.
- Claudio Morana, 2013.
"New Insights on the US OIS Spreads Term Structure During the Recent Financial Turmoil,"
CeRP Working Papers
137, Center for Research on Pensions and Welfare Policies, Turin (Italy).
- Alan M. Rai, 2013. "The Impact of Policy Initiatives on Credit Spreads during the 2007-09 Financial Crisis," International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 9(1), pages 45-104, March.
- Gerlach, Petra, 2013. "Euro area CDS spreads in the crisis: The role of open market operations and contagion," Papers WP449, Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI).
- Carpenter, Seth & Demiralp, Selva & Eisenschmidt, Jens, 2014. "The effectiveness of non-standard monetary policy in addressing liquidity risk during the financial crisis: The experiences of the Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 107-129.
- Jakob de Haan & Willem van den End & Jon Frost & Christiaan Pattipeilohy & Mostafa Tabbae, 2013. "Unconventional Monetary Policy of the ECB during the Financial Crisis: An Assessment and New Evidence," SUERF 50th Anniversary Volume Chapters, in: Morten Balling & Ernest Gnan (ed.), 50 Years of Money and Finance: Lessons and Challenges, chapter 4, pages 117-156, SUERF - The European Money and Finance Forum.
- Claudio Morana, 2013. "Factor Vector Autoregressive Estimation of Heteroskedastic Persistent and Non Persistent Processes Subject to Structural Breaks: New Insights on the US OIS SPreads Term Structure," Working Papers 233, University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Economics, revised Feb 2013.
- Jonathan D. Ostry & Atish R. Ghosh & Marcos Chamon, 2012. "Dos objetivos, dos instrumentos: políticas monetaria y cambiaria en economías de mercados emergentes," Boletín, CEMLA, vol. 0(2), pages 94-114, Abril-jun.
- Guidolin, Massimo & Tam, Yu Man, 2013.
"A yield spread perspective on the great financial crisis: Break-point test evidence,"
International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 18-39.
- Mr. Heiko Hesse & Nathaniel Frank & Ms. Brenda Gonzalez-Hermosillo, 2008.
"Transmission of Liquidity Shocks: Evidence from the 2007 Subprime Crisis,"
IMF Working Papers
2008/200, International Monetary Fund.
Cited by:
- Nathaniel Frank & Heiko Hesse, 2009.
"Financial Spillovers to Emerging Markets during the Global Financial Crisis,"
Czech Journal of Economics and Finance (Finance a uver), Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, vol. 59(6), pages 507-521, December.
- Nathaniel Frank & Mr. Heiko Hesse, 2009. "Financial Spillovers to Emerging Markets During the Global Financial Crisis," IMF Working Papers 2009/104, International Monetary Fund.
- Gilles Dufrénot & Valérie Mignon & Anne Péguin-Feissolle, 2012.
"The effects of the subprime crisis on the Latin American financial markets: an empirical assessment,"
Post-Print
hal-01411539, HAL.
- Gilles Dufrénot & Valérie Mignon & Anne Peguin-Feissolle, 2011. "The Effects of the Subprime Crisis on the Latin American Financial Markets: An Empirical Assessment," Working Papers halshs-00587460, HAL.
- Dufrénot, Gilles & Mignon, Valérie & Péguin-Feissolle, Anne, 2011. "The effects of the subprime crisis on the Latin American financial markets: An empirical assessment," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 28(5), pages 2342-2357, September.
- Gilles Dufrénot & Valérie Mignon & Anne Péguin-Feissolle, 2010. "The Effects of the Subprime Crisis on the Latin American Financial Markets: an Empirical Assessment," Working Papers 2010-11, CEPII research center.
- J. David Cummins & Mary A. Weiss, 2009. "Convergence of Insurance and Financial Markets: Hybrid and Securitized Risk‐Transfer Solutions," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 76(3), pages 493-545, September.
- Huang, Sherena S., 2024. "Liquidity dynamics between virtual and equity markets," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
- Ngan, Nguyen Thi & Lab, SDAG, 2019. "The effects from the United States and Japan to emerging stock markets in Asia and Vietnam," OSF Preprints 8kab7, Center for Open Science.
- Irfan Akbar Kazi & Suzanne Salloy, 2013. "Contagion effect due to Lehman Brothers’ bankruptcy and the global financial crisis - From the perspective of the Credit Default Swaps’ G14 dealers," Working Papers hal-04141216, HAL.
- Burzala, Milda Maria, 2016. "Contagion effects in selected European capital markets during the financial crisis of 2007–2009," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 556-571.
- Aurelia Ioana Logojan, 2009. "The Greatest Financial Crises And The Economic Theories," Romanian Economic Business Review, Romanian-American University, vol. 4(3), pages 7-16, September.
- International Monetary Fund, 2009. "Cyprus: Financial Sector Assessment Program Update: Technical Note: Measuring Banking Stability in Cyprus," IMF Staff Country Reports 2009/171, International Monetary Fund.
- Alex Dontoh & Fayez A. Elayan & Joshua Ronen & Tavy Ronen, 2021. "Unfair “Fair Value” in Illiquid Markets: Information Spillover Effects in Times of Crisis," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(8), pages 5163-5193, August.
- Winkler, Adalbert, 2010.
"The Financial Crisis: A Wake-Up Call for Strengthening Regional Monitoring of Financial Markets and Regional Coordination of Financial Sector Policies?,"
ADBI Working Papers
199, Asian Development Bank Institute.
- Adalbert Winkler, 2010. "The Financial Crisis: A Wake-Up Call for Strengthening Regional Monitoring of Financial Markets and Regional Coordination of Financial Sector Policies?," Working Papers id:3021, eSocialSciences.
- Adalbert Winkler, 2010. "The Financial Crisis : A Wake-Up Call for Strengthening Regional Monitoring of Financial Markets and Regional Coordination of Financial Sector Policies?," Finance Working Papers 22022, East Asian Bureau of Economic Research.
- Adalbert Winkler, 2012. "The Financial Crisis: A Wake-up Call for Strengthening Regional Monitoring of Financial Markets and Regional Coordination of Financial Sector Policies?," Chapters, in: Masahiro Kawai & David G. Mayes & Peter Morgan (ed.), Implications of the Global Financial Crisis for Financial Reform and Regulation in Asia, chapter 7, Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Bruno P. Arruda & Pedro L. Valls Pereira, 2013. "Analysis of the volatility's dependency structure during the subprime crisis," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(36), pages 5031-5045, December.
- Guyot, Alexis & Lagoarde-Segot, Thomas & Neaime, Simon, 2014.
"Foreign shocks and international cost of equity destabilization. Evidence from the MENA region,"
Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 18(C), pages 101-122.
- Alexis Guyot & Thomas Lagoarde-Segot & Simon Neaime, 2014. "Foreign shocks and international cost of equity destabilization. Evidence from the MENA region," Post-Print hal-00841198, HAL.
- Elsayed, Ahmed H. & Ahmed, Habib & Husam Helmi, Mohamad, 2023. "Determinants of financial stability and risk transmission in dual financial system: Evidence from the COVID pandemic," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 85(C).
- Chaker Aloui, 2011. "Latin American stock markets’ volatility spillovers during the financial crises: a multivariate FIAPARCH-DCC framework," Macroeconomics and Finance in Emerging Market Economies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 4(2), pages 289-326, May.
- Mahmoud Haddad & Sam Hakim, 2011. "Measuring the Damage from Financial Integration in the GCC: Lessons from the Global Crisis," Working Papers 614, Economic Research Forum, revised 08 Jan 2011.
- Mr. Heiko Hesse & Mr. Ferhan Salman & Mr. Christian Schmieder, 2014. "How to Capture Macro-Financial Spillover Effects in Stress Tests?," IMF Working Papers 2014/103, International Monetary Fund.
- Ms. Brenda Gonzalez-Hermosillo & Mr. Heiko Hesse, 2009. "Global Market Conditions and Systemic Risk," IMF Working Papers 2009/230, International Monetary Fund.
- Laurence Fung & Ip-wing Yu, 2009. "A Study on the Transmission of Money Market Tensions in EMEAP Economies During the Credit Crisis of 2007 - 2008," Working Papers 0909, Hong Kong Monetary Authority.
- Neaime, Simon, 2016. "Financial crises and contagion vulnerability of MENA stock markets," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 14-35.
- Tao Sun & Ms. L. Effie Psalida, 2009. "Spillovers to Emerging Equity Markets: An Econometric Assessment," IMF Working Papers 2009/111, International Monetary Fund.
- Mr. Heiko Hesse & Nathaniel Frank, 2009. "The Effectiveness of Central Bank Interventions During the First Phase of the Subprime Crisis," IMF Working Papers 2009/206, International Monetary Fund.
- Beyene, Nardos & Huang, Peng & Hueng, C. James, 2021. "Illiquidity contagion and pricing of commonality risk: Evidence from a dynamic conditional correlation model," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 39(C).
- Mr. Tamon Asonuma & Mr. Said A Bakhache & Mr. Heiko Hesse, 2015. "Is Banks’ Home Bias Good or Bad for Public Debt Sustainability?," IMF Working Papers 2015/044, International Monetary Fund.
- Leung, W.S. & Taylor, N. & Evans, K.P., 2015. "The determinants of bank risks: Evidence from the recent financial crisis," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 277-293.
- Jens Dick-Nielsen & Jacob Gyntelberg, 2019. "Highly Liquid Mortgage Bonds Using the Match Funding Principle," Quarterly Journal of Finance (QJF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 10(01), pages 1-37, December.
- Dufrénot, Gilles & Keddad, Benjamin, 2014.
"Spillover effects of the 2008 global financial crisis on the volatility of the Indian equity markets: Coupling or uncoupling? A study on sector-based data,"
International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 17-32.
- Gilles Dufrénot & Benjamin Keddad, 2014. "Spillover effects of the 2008 global financial crisis on the volatility of the Indian equity markets: Coupling or uncoupling? A study on sector-based data," Post-Print hal-01474429, HAL.
- , Aisdl, 2020. "The effects from the United States and Japan to emerging stock markets in Asia and Vietnam," OSF Preprints 5tbmc, Center for Open Science.
- Nathaniel Frank, 2009. "Linkages between asset classes during the financial crisis, accounting for market microstructure noise and non-synchronous trading," Economics Papers 2009-W04, Economics Group, Nuffield College, University of Oxford.
- Woon Sau Leung & Nicholas Taylor, 2013. "Testing for contagion: the impact of US structured markets on international financial markets," Chapters, in: Adrian R. Bell & Chris Brooks & Marcel Prokopczuk (ed.), Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Empirical Finance, chapter 11, pages 256-284, Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Cui, Jin & In, Francis & Maharaj, Elizabeth Ann, 2016. "What drives the Libor–OIS spread? Evidence from five major currency Libor–OIS spreads," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 358-375.
- Nathaniel Frank & Heiko Hesse, 2009.
"Financial Spillovers to Emerging Markets during the Global Financial Crisis,"
Czech Journal of Economics and Finance (Finance a uver), Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, vol. 59(6), pages 507-521, December.
Articles
- Nathaniel Frank & Eduardo Ley, 2009.
"On the Probabilistic Approach to Fiscal Sustainability: Structural Breaks and Non-Normality,"
IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 56(4), pages 742-757, November.
Cited by:
- Alexis CRUZ-RODRÍGUEZ, 2014.
"Assessing fiscal sustainability in some selected countries,"
Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania / Editura Economica, vol. 0(6(595)), pages 7-22, June.
- Cruz-Rodríguez, Alexis, 2014. "Assessing fiscal sustainability in some selected countries," MPRA Paper 54975, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Hevia, Constantino, 2012. "Using pooled information and bootstrap methods to assess debt sustainability in low income countries," Policy Research Working Paper Series 5978, The World Bank.
- Markus Eller & Jarmila Urvová, 2012. "How Sustainable Are Public Debt Levels in Emerging Europe?," Focus on European Economic Integration, Oesterreichische Nationalbank (Austrian Central Bank), issue 4, pages 48-79.
- Mr. Evan C Tanner, 2013. "Fiscal Sustainability: A 21st Century Guide for the Perplexed," IMF Working Papers 2013/089, International Monetary Fund.
- Alexis CRUZ-RODRÍGUEZ, 2014.
"Assessing fiscal sustainability in some selected countries,"
Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania / Editura Economica, vol. 0(6(595)), pages 7-22, June.
- Nathaniel Frank & Heiko Hesse, 2009.
"Financial Spillovers to Emerging Markets during the Global Financial Crisis,"
Czech Journal of Economics and Finance (Finance a uver), Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, vol. 59(6), pages 507-521, December.
See citations under working paper version above.
- Nathaniel Frank & Mr. Heiko Hesse, 2009. "Financial Spillovers to Emerging Markets During the Global Financial Crisis," IMF Working Papers 2009/104, International Monetary Fund.
More information
Research fields, statistics, top rankings, if available.Statistics
Access and download statistics for all items
Co-authorship network on CollEc
NEP Fields
NEP is an announcement service for new working papers, with a weekly report in each of many fields. This author has had 1 paper announced in NEP. These are the fields, ordered by number of announcements, along with their dates. If the author is listed in the directory of specialists for this field, a link is also provided.- NEP-ACC: Accounting and Auditing (1) 2009-12-11
- NEP-MST: Market Microstructure (1) 2009-12-11
Corrections
All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. For general information on how to correct material on RePEc, see these instructions.
To update listings or check citations waiting for approval, Nathaniel Frank should log into the RePEc Author Service.
To make corrections to the bibliographic information of a particular item, find the technical contact on the abstract page of that item. There, details are also given on how to add or correct references and citations.
To link different versions of the same work, where versions have a different title, use this form. Note that if the versions have a very similar title and are in the author's profile, the links will usually be created automatically.
Please note that most corrections can take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.