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Joining the Counterinsurgency: Explaining Pro-Government Militia Participation in the Philippines

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  • Joshua Eastin
  • Steven T. Zech

Abstract

What motivates civilians to fight in a progovernment militia? This article draws on survey and interview data from active members of Citizen Armed Forces Geographical Units (CAFGU), a progovernment militia in the Philippines, to evaluate why individuals enlist. We find poverty and unemployment to be key drivers of group membership, and the biggest attraction a steady paycheck. This situation presents a moral hazard for the Philippine government and other states that rely on impoverished citizens to wage counterinsurgency: while doing so can be cost-effective, the need to keep costs low might also impede efforts at socioeconomic or political reform.

Suggested Citation

Handle: RePEc:taf:uterxx:v:45:y:2022:i:9:p:817-841
DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2019.1700029
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