Effects of Urbanization on Community Cohesion in Major Cities of Pakistan

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the effects of urbanization on community cohesion in major cities of Pakistan. Materials and Methods: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study found that high-density urban environments often lead to increased social fragmentation and decreased levels of trust and reciprocity among residents. Additionally, rapid urbanization can result in physical segregation, where different socioeconomic groups are spatially separated, leading to reduced social integration and solidarity. This can exacerbate inequalities and contribute to social exclusion and marginalization, particularly among vulnerable populations. On the other hand, urban areas also facilitate the formation of new social networks and communities based on shared interests, identities, or experiences. These "urban villages" or communities of practice can foster strong bonds and support systems, enhancing community resilience and cohesion. Moreover, the availability and accessibility of public spaces, amenities, and social infrastructure play a crucial role in shaping community cohesion. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social capital theory, spatial mismatch theory and place attachment theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the effects of urbanization on community cohesion in major cities of Pakistan. Implement community-based programs and initiatives that strengthen social ties and foster a sense of belonging among diverse urban populations. Advocate for policies that support mixed-income housing developments and inclusive urban infrastructure, creating environments that facilitate social interaction and collaboration among residents.