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Warum sind einige Länder so viel reicher als andere? Zur institutionellen Erklärung von Entwicklungsunterschieden

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  • Berger, Johannes

Abstract

Die gegenwärtige Lage der Weltwirtschaft ist von enormen Einkommensunterschieden zwischen reichen und armen Ländern geprägt. Entwicklungsunterschiede dieser Art gibt es erst seit der Epoche des modernen wirtschaftlichen Wachstums (Kuznets). Daher steht die Frage zur Beantwortung an, warum einige Länder wirtschaftlich so viel erfolgreicher sind als andere. Im Aufsatz wird die Antwort des ökonomischen Neoinstitutionalismus auf diese Frage behandelt. Dieser Ansatz erblickt in "guten" Institutionen die letztlich entscheidende Ursache des wirtschaftlichen Erfolgs und versteht unter gut Institutionen im Wesentlichen gesicherte Eigentums- und Verfügungsrechte. Ohne die Relevanz "guter" Institutionen grundsätzlich in Zweifel zu ziehen, stellt der Autor kritische Fragen an die Reichweite dieses Ansatzes und plädiert dafür, der Rolle des technischen Fortschritts ein stärkeres Gewicht beizumessen. Entwicklungsunterschiede sind zu einem großen Teil technologisch bedingt. Zwar hängt der technische Fortschritt auch von gesicherten Eigentumsrechten an Erfindungen ab, aber ein auf Dauer gestellter technischer Fortschritt verlangt eine kulturelle Umgebung, die dazu ermutigt, die Grenzen vorhandenen Wissens zu überschreiten. Wenn man die Grundannahme der neoklassischen wachstumstheorie aufgibt, dass der technische Fortschritt autonom und homogen ist, bleiben zwei Wege offen, technologische Heterogenität zu modellieren: Der technische Fortschritt ist entweder ein privates Gut, dessen Erzeugungsrate von länderspezifi schen Forschungsanstrengungen abhängt, oder er ist prinzipiell für alle Länder gleich zugänglich, aber politische und kulturelle Barrieren stehen seiner Ausschöpfung im Wege. Der Aufsatz liebäugelt mit dem letzteren Ansatz und zieht daraus abschließend politische Folgerungen.

Suggested Citation

  • Berger, Johannes, 2006. "Warum sind einige Länder so viel reicher als andere? Zur institutionellen Erklärung von Entwicklungsunterschieden," MPIfG Discussion Paper 06/6, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies.
  • Handle: RePEc:zbw:mpifgd:066
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    References listed on IDEAS

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