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Globale Verwendungsstrukturen der Magnetwerkstoffe Neodym und Dysprosium: Eine szenariobasierte Analyse der Auswirkung der Diffusion der Elektromobilität auf den Bedarf an Seltenen Erden

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  • Glöser-Chahoud, Simon
  • Kühn, André
  • Tercero Espinoza, Luis Alberto

Abstract

Neodym-Eisen-Bor-Magnete (NdFeB) haben als die derzeit stärksten Permanentmegnete in den vergangenen Jahren einen erheblichen Nachfrageschub erlebt, insbesondere für die Herstellung kompakter elektrischer Servomotoren mit hohem Wirkungsgrad und hoher Leistungsdichte, was vor allem für mobile Anwendungen in den Traktionsmotoren von Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen oder für E-Bikes entscheidende Vorteile bietet. Aber auch im allgemeinen Maschinenbau (Förder- und Pumpsysteme, Werkzeuge, Klimaanlagen, Liftmotoren etc.), in den elektrischen Kleinmotoren konventioneller Pkw oder in den Generatoren großer Windkraftanlagen mit permanentmagnetischem Direktantrieb werden vermehrt NdFeB-Magnete verbaut. Dennoch besteht nach wie vor hohe Unsicherheit in den Verwendungsstrukturen von NdFeBMagneten bzw. den enthaltenen Seltenerd-Elementen Neodym und Dysprosium. Ein wirkungsvolles Instrument zur Erhöhung der Markttransparenz und des Verständnisses von komplexen anthropogenen Stoffkreisläufen ist die dynamische Stoffflussmodellierung. Im vorliegenden Arbeitspapier wird dieses Instrument zur eingehenden Analyse der Verwendungsstrukturen von NdFeB-Magneten und den enthaltenen Seltenen Erden auf globaler Ebene eingesetzt. Über die dynamische Modellierung von Produkt-Verwendungszyklen werden heutige Verwendungsstrukturen offengelegt und zukünftige Magnetmengen in obsoleten Produktströmen quantifiziert. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Magnete im heutigen Schrottaufkommen hauptsächlich in obsoleten Elektronikanwendungen wie Festplatten (HDD), CD- und DVD-Laufwerken enthalten sind, woraus das Recycling auf Grund der kleinen Magnete und der hohen Materialstreuung kaum wirtschaftlich erscheint, in absehbarer Zukunft aber mit größeren Magnetmengen aus elektrischen Synchron-Servomotoren und Generatoren zu rechnen ist, was das Recyclingpotenzial erheblich steigert. In einem weiteren Schritt wird unter Verwendung eines systemdynamischen Modells die Auswirkung der Diffusion alternativer Antriebe im Automobilmarkt auf den Dysprosiumbedarf analysiert und es werden mögliche Anpassungsmechanismen in Form verschiedener Substitutionseffekte am Markt für NdFeB-Magnete simuliert. Dysprosium ist für die Temperaturbeständigkeit der NdFeB-Magnete in Traktionsmotoren für Elektromobile ein entscheidender Bestandteil und gilt derzeit als besonders kritischer Rohstoff für die Elektromobilität.

Suggested Citation

  • Glöser-Chahoud, Simon & Kühn, André & Tercero Espinoza, Luis Alberto, 2016. "Globale Verwendungsstrukturen der Magnetwerkstoffe Neodym und Dysprosium: Eine szenariobasierte Analyse der Auswirkung der Diffusion der Elektromobilität auf den Bedarf an Seltenen Erden," Working Papers "Sustainability and Innovation" S05/2016, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI).
  • Handle: RePEc:zbw:fisisi:s052016
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