The Ultimate Cause of the “Reproducibility Crisis”: Reductionist Statistics

Resolving the "replication crisis" is a top priority of the scientific community now. "Reproducibility" is claimed as a central tenet of science and the estimated economic and social burden is huge. Numerous proposals have been made. Still, there lacks not only an established solution but even an agreement on whether there exists a "crisis" or not. Here, by questioning the philosophical foundations of our study designs and analyses, I trace back the "crisis" to reductionist ontologies and methodologies ingrained in the modern statistical methods which have dominated biological, medical, psychological, and social sciences for a century. The crisis is not our inability to "reproduce" results but that we expect to be able to "reproduce" results despite neglecting almost all individual-level and contextual variables of complex processes.