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Household finance and income inequality in the euro area

Author

Listed:
  • Oliver Denk

    (OECD)

  • Alexandre Cazenave-Lacroutz

    (École Polytechnique)

Abstract

The size and composition of assets and liabilities of households differ vastly across the income distribution in euro area countries. This paper shows that differences between income groups in household finance on both sides of the balance sheet contribute to income inequality. The distribution of household credit is two times as unequal and the distribution of stock market wealth four times as unequal as the distribution of household income. Larger credit and stock markets may thus widen income inequality by providing people with high incomes with better investment opportunities and raising the returns on their savings. In addition, financial institutions help people protect their consumption against temporary changes in their income. But they do so unevenly across the distribution, as a household is more likely to be denied credit if it has a low income. No evidence is found of discrimination in credit provision against women or immigrants. Financement des ménages et inégalités de revenu dans la zone euro La taille et la composition de l’actif et du passif des ménages sont très variables sur la distribution des revenus dans les pays de la zone euro. Ce document montre que les différences entre quintiles de revenu dans le financement des ménages, de part et d’autre du bilan, contribuent aux inégalités de revenu. La distribution du crédit aux ménages est deux fois plus inégale et la distribution du patrimoine boursier quatre fois plus inégale que la distribution des revenus des ménages. L’expansion des marchés du crédit et d’actions pourrait ainsi contribuer aux inégalités de revenu en offrant aux plus hauts revenus de meilleures possibilités d’investissement et une meilleure rentabilité de leur épargne. Par ailleurs, les établissements financiers aident les ménages à protéger leur consommation en période de fluctuations temporaires de leur revenu. Or, ils le font de manière inégale sur la distribution des revenus puisqu’un ménage a plus de risques de se voir opposer un refus si ses revenus sont faibles. Aucun élément ne vient corroborer l’idée d’une discrimination de l’offre de crédit à l’encontre des femmes ou des personnes issues de l’immigration.

Suggested Citation

  • Oliver Denk & Alexandre Cazenave-Lacroutz, 2015. "Household finance and income inequality in the euro area," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1226, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1226-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5js04v5wh9zs-en
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    Cited by:

    1. David Loschiavo, 2021. "Household debt and income inequality: Evidence from Italian survey data," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 67(1), pages 61-103, March.
    2. Ngwen Ngangu¨¦, 2020. "Financial Sector Development and Open Economy for Income Inequality Reduction: A Panel Fixed Model Analysis," International Journal of Economics and Finance, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 12(4), pages 1-33, April.
    3. Oliver Denk & Boris Cournède, 2015. "Finance and income inequality in OECD countries," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1224, OECD Publishing.
    4. Glauco De Vita & Yun Luo, 2021. "Financialization, household debt and income inequality: Empirical evidence," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(2), pages 1917-1937, April.
    5. Mohamed Chakroun, 2020. "Threshold effects in the relationship between financial development and income inequality," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 25(3), pages 365-387, July.
    6. Boris Cournède & Catherine L. Mann, 2018. "Growth and Inequality Effects of Decades of Financial Transformation in OECD Countries," Comparative Economic Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Association for Comparative Economic Studies, vol. 60(1), pages 3-14, March.
    7. Anna Samarina & Anh D.M. Nguyen, 2024. "Does Monetary Policy Affect Income Inequality in the Euro Area?," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 56(1), pages 35-80, February.
    8. Anna Samarina & Anh D.M. Nguyen, 2019. "Does monetary policy affect income inequality in the euro area?," Bank of Lithuania Working Paper Series 61, Bank of Lithuania.
    9. Boris Cournède & Oliver Denk & Peter Hoeller, 2015. "Finance and Inclusive Growth," OECD Economic Policy Papers 14, OECD Publishing.
    10. Bezemer, Dirk & Samarina, Anna, 2016. "Debt Shift, Financial Development and Income Inequality in Europe," Research Report 16020-GEM, University of Groningen, Research Institute SOM (Systems, Organisations and Management).
    11. Oliver Denk, 2015. "Financial sector pay and labour income inequality: Evidence from Europe," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1225, OECD Publishing.
    12. Domonkos, Tomas & Fisera, Boris & Siranova, Maria, 2023. "Income inequality as long-term conditioning factor of monetary transmission to bank rates," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    13. Zare , Roohollah, 2019. "Globalization and Income Inequality: Does the Level of Financial Development Matter?," Journal of Money and Economy, Monetary and Banking Research Institute, Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, vol. 14(2), pages 159-175, April.
    14. Marzinotto, Benedicta, 2022. "Euro area current account imbalances: A tale of two financial liberalizations," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    15. Andrea Colciago & Anna Samarina & Jakob de Haan, 2019. "Central Bank Policies And Income And Wealth Inequality: A Survey," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(4), pages 1199-1231, September.
    16. Inmee Baek & Andrew Chia, 2020. "Do types of foreign capital matter for income equality?," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(12), pages 3243-3261, December.
    17. Oliver Denk & Sebastian Schich & Boris Cournède, 2015. "Why implicit bank debt guarantees matter: Some empirical evidence," OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends, OECD Publishing, vol. 2014(2), pages 63-88.
    18. Pedro S. Amaral, 2017. "Monetary Policy and Inequality," Economic Commentary, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, issue January.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    crédit aux ménages; discrimination; discrimination; euro area; femmes; household credit; immigrants; immigrés; income inequality; inégalités de revenu; inégalités de richesse; marché boursier; stock market; wealth inequality; Women; zone Euro;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D14 - Microeconomics - - Household Behavior - - - Household Saving; Personal Finance
    • D63 - Microeconomics - - Welfare Economics - - - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
    • E21 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Consumption; Saving; Wealth
    • E51 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers
    • G2 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination

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