This file is part of IDEAS, which uses RePEc data


[ Papers | Articles | Software | Books | Chapters | Authors | Institutions | JEL Classification | NEP reports | Search | New papers by email | Author registration | Rankings | Volunteers | FAQ | Blog | Help! ]

Le travail des enfants et la pauvreté en Afrique : un réexamen appliqué au Burkina Faso

Author info | Abstract | Publisher info | Download info | Related research | Statistics
Author Info
Jean-Pierre Lachaud () (Groupe d'Economie du Développement Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV)

Additional information is available for the following registered author(s):

Abstract

Fondée sur les enquêtes prioritaires auprès des ménages de 1998 et de 2003, l'étude met en évidence l'ampleur du travail des enfants – 44,1 pour cent des enfants de 5-14 ans sont « économiquement actifs » en 2003, un ratio comparable entre les filles et les garçons, sauf pour le groupe d'âge de 10-14 ans où les premières sont désavantagées –, et examine l'impact de la pauvreté sur ce phénomène. Deux principales conclusions en résultent. Premièrement, l'hypothèse de l' « axiome de luxe » semble relativement robuste. Un modèle probit bivarié montre que, toutes choses égales par ailleurs – en particulier, en contrôlant par les effets fixes des 45 provinces –, la proportion des enfants de 5-14 ans économiquement actifs est nettement supérieure dans les ménages « pauvres », comparativement aux ménages « non pauvres ». En même temps, les privations monétaires réduisent la probabilité de scolarisation, et une relation inverse entre la fréquentation scolaire et la participation des enfants au marché du travail prévaut. De même, une analyse économétrique spatiale en termes de régimes spatio-temporels, fondée sur un modèle auto-régressif mixte inhérent aux 45 provinces, montre que la pauvreté régionale, appréhendée par les indices FGT, affecte positivement le taux régional de participation des enfants de 10-14 ans au marché du travail. Un résultat analogue prévaut en 2003 pour les enfants âgés de 5-14 ans, mais les élasticités sont un peu plus élevées. Deuxièmement, la prise en compte de la vulnérabilité des ménages, c'est-à-dire le risque de pauvreté, renforce l'argument de la « gestion du risque » : le travail des enfants peut être le reflet d'une stratégie des ménages visant à minimiser le risque d'interruption du flux des ressources. L'étude montre que la variabilité du niveau de vie, mesurée par la variance des dépenses en termes de pauvreté transitoire, rehausse la probabilité de travail des enfants, tout réduisant les chances de scolarisation, comparativement aux ménages situés en dessus de la ligne de pauvreté, alors que la vulnérabilité des familles pauvres, imputable B une faiblesse chronique des dépenses – pauvres durables –, n'affecte pas la propension au travail des enfants, et, dans certains cas, leur scolarisation, par rapport aux groupes les plus aisés. De même, l'analyse économétrique spatiale vérifie que, quels que soient les groupes d'âge retenus, la variation régionale de la pauvreté durable est sans effet sur l'incidence du travail des enfants, contrairement à la pauvreté transitoire. De tels résultats doivent être rapprochés, d'une part, de l'augmentation de la pauvreté globale entre 1998 et 2003, accompagnée d'une légère baisse de la pauvreté durable, et d'une croissance sensible de la pauvreté transitoire, et, d'autre part, de la relation étroite qui prévaut entre la variation effective de la pauvreté transitoire, et le ralentissement du rythme du processus de redistribution, via les envois de fonds de Côte d'Ivoire. En même temps, ils questionnent l'opportunité d'une législation trop sévère à l'encontre du travail des enfants, en l'absence de mécanismes susceptibles de réduire les fluctuations des gains des ménages. Based on the two household surveys of 1998 and 2003, the study highlights the extend of child labour – 44,1 percent of the children of 5-14 years are « economically active » in 2003, a comparable ratio between the girls and the boys, except for the group of age of 10-14 years where the first are more occupied –, and examines the impact of poverty on this phenomenon. Two principal conclusions result from it. Firstly, the assumption of the « luxury axiom » seems relatively robust. A bivariate probit model shows that, all things being equal – in particular, while controlling by the fixed effects of the 45 provinces –, the proportion of the children of 5-14 years economically active is definitely higher in the « poor » households, compared to the « non-poor » households. At the same time, the monetary deprivations reduce the probability of schooling, and an opposite relation between the school attendance and the child participation to the labour market prevails. In the same way, a spatial econometric analysis in terms of space-time regimes, based on a spatial lag model inherent to the 45 provinces, shows that the regional poverty, apprehended by the FGT indices, affects positively the regional rate of participation of the children of 10-14 years to the labour market. A similar result prevails in 2003 for the children of 5-14 years, but the elasticities are a little higher. Secondly, the consideration of the vulnerability of the households, i.e. the risk of poverty, reinforces the argument of the « risk management »: child work can be the reflection of a strategy of the households to minimize the risk of interruption of the resources stream. The study shows that the variability of the standard of living, measured by the variance of the expenditure in terms of transient poverty, raises the probability of child work, while reducing the chances of schooling, compared to the households above the line of poverty, whereas the vulnerability of the poor families, ascribable to a chronic weakness of the expenditure – the durable poor –, does not affect the child work propensity, and, in certain cases, their schooling, compared to the richest groups. In the same way, the spatial econometric analysis confirms that, independently of the groups of age chosen, the regional variation of durable poverty is without effect on the incidence of child work, contrary to the transient poverty. Such results must be associated, on the one hand, to the increase of total poverty between 1998 and 2003, accompanied by a weak fall of durable poverty, and by a significant growth of transient poverty, and, on the other hand, to the close connection which prevails between the effective variation of transient poverty, and the deceleration of the rhythm of the process of redistribution, via the remittances of Côte d'Ivoire. At the same time, they question the opportunity of a too severe legislation against the child work, in the absence of mechanisms likely to reduce the fluctuations of the incomes of households. (Full text in French)

Download Info
To download:

If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. Information about this may be contained in the File-Format links below. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.

File URL: http://ged.u-bordeaux4.fr/ceddt96.pdf
File Format: application/pdf
File Function:
Download Restriction: no

Publisher Info
Paper provided by Groupe d'Economie du Développement de l'Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV in its series Documents de travail with number 96.

Download reference. The following formats are available: HTML (with abstract), plain text (with abstract), BibTeX, RIS (EndNote, RefMan, ProCite), ReDIF
Length: 32 pages
Date of creation: Apr 2004
Date of revision:
Handle: RePEc:mon:ceddtr:96

Contact details of provider:

For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its listing, contact: ().

Related research
Keywords:

Find related papers by JEL classification:
I31 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare and Poverty - - - General Welfare
J4 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Particular Labor Markets

References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:

  1. Ranjan, Priya, 1999. "An economic analysis of child labor," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 64(1), pages 99-105, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  2. George Psacharopoulos, 1997. "Child labor versus educational attainment Some evidence from Latin America," Journal of Population Economics, Springer, vol. 10(4), pages 377-386. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Jensen, P. & Nielsen, H.S., 1996. "Child Labour or School Attendance? Evidence from Zambia," Papers 96-14, Centre for Labour Market and Social Research, Danmark-.
    Other versions:
  4. Basu, Kaushik & Van, Pham Hoang, 1998. "The Economics of Child Labor," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 88(3), pages 412-27, June.
  5. Kaushik Basu, 1999. "Child Labor: Cause, Consequence, and Cure, with Remarks on International Labor Standards," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 37(3), pages 1083-1119, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  6. Emerson, Patrick M & Souza, Andre Portela, 2003. "Is There a Child Labor Trap? Intergenerational Persistence of Child Labor in Brazil," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 51(2), pages 375-98, January.
    Other versions:
  7. Jean-Pierre Lachaud, 2003. "Dynamique de pauvreté, inégalité et urbanisation au Burkina Faso," Série de recherche 07, Groupe d'Economie du Développement de l'Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV.
  8. Anselin, Luc & Bera, Anil K. & Florax, Raymond & Yoon, Mann J., 1996. "Simple diagnostic tests for spatial dependence," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 26(1), pages 77-104, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  9. Basu, Kaushik & Tzannatos, Zafiris, 2003. "The Global Child Labor Problem: What Do We Know and What Can We Do?," Working Papers 03-06, Cornell University, Center for Analytic Economics. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  10. Blunch, Niels-Hugo & Verner, Dorte, 2000. "Revisiting the link between poverty and child labor - the Ghanaian experience," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2488, The World Bank. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  11. Strauss, J. & Thomas, D., 1995. "Empirical Modeling of Household and Family Decisions," Papers 95-12, RAND - Reprint Series.
  12. Basu, Kaushik, 2002. "A note on multiple general equilibria with child labor," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 74(3), pages 301-308, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  13. Nielsen, H.S., 1998. "Child Labor and School Attendance: Two Joint Decisions," Papers 98-15, Centre for Labour Market and Social Research, Danmark-.
  14. Duryea, Suzanne & Arends-Kuenning, Mary, 2003. "School Attendance, Child Labor and Local Labor Market Fluctuations in Urban Brazil," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 31(7), pages 1165-1178, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  15. Canagarajah, Sudharshan & Coulombe, Harold, 1997. "Child labor and schooling in Ghana," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1844, The World Bank. [Downloadable!]
  16. Bourguignon, F. & Browning, M. & Chiappori, P. A., 1995. "The Collective Approach to Household Behaviour," DELTA Working Papers 95-04, DELTA (Ecole normale supérieure).
  17. Pushkar Maitra & Ranjan Ray, 2000. "The Joint Estimation of Child Participation in Schooling and Employment: Comparative Evidence from Three Continents," ASARC Working Papers 2000-04, Australian National University, Australia South Asia Research Centre. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  18. Eric V. Edmonds, 2007. "Child Labor," IZA Discussion Papers 2606, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  19. Tzannatos, Zafiris, 2003. "Child labor and school enrollment in Thailand in the 1990s," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 22(5), pages 523-536, October. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  20. Tanaka, Ryuichi, 2003. "Inequality as a determinant of child labor," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 80(1), pages 93-97, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  21. Ravallion, Martin & Wodon, Quentin, 2000. "Does Child Labour Displace Schooling? Evidence on Behavioural Responses to an Enrollment Subsidy," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 110(462), pages C158-75, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  22. Grootaert, Christiaan, 1998. "Child labor in Cote d'Ivoire: incidence and determinants," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1905, The World Bank. [Downloadable!]
  23. Grootaert, Christiaan & Kanbur, Ravi, 1995. "Child labor : a review," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1454, The World Bank. [Downloadable!]
  24. Edmonds & Eric V., 2004. "Household composition and the response of child labor supply to product market integration: evidence from Vietnam," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3235, The World Bank. [Downloadable!]
Full references

Statistics
Access and download statistics

Did you know? Authors can create their own profile with links to their works on the RePEc Author Service.

This page was last updated on 2009-11-13.


This information is provided to you by IDEAS at the Department of Economics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Connecticut using RePEc data on a server sponsored by the Society for Economic Dynamics.