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On the Causality between GDP and Health Care Expenditure in Augmented Solow Growth Model

Author

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  • Heshmati, Almas

    (Dept. of Economic Statistics, Stockholm School of Economics)

Abstract

This paper examines conditional convergence of OECD countries in gross domestic product (GDP) and health care expenditure (HCE) per capita. It presents estimation of the augmented Solow growth model suggested by Mankiw, Romer and Weil (1992) to explain variation in output and expenditure per capita across countries. The variation is due to different steady state growth paths resulting from differences in the countries savings rate, education, and population growth. This paper is an extension of the MRW model by incorporating health capital proxied by HCE to the augmented Solow model. The analysis is further related to the studies of health care expenditure where GDP per capita appear to be the main factor determining the level of expenditure on health care. The issue of causality relationship between GDP and HCE is investigated. The empirical analysis is based OECD countries’ data for the period of 1970-1992. The results indicate that OECD countries converge at 3.7% per year to their steady state level of income per capita. The results show that HCE has positive effect on the economic growth and the speed of convergence. The speed of convergence is found to be sensitive to whether one imposes a constant or estimate the depreciation and technological growth components. With no restrictions imposed the convergence rate is 5.2%. Considering the rate of convergence in the HCE model the results show that OECD countries converge at 2.7% to their steady state of HCE per capita. In the HCE model a regression of the speed of convergence on variables determining the rate of convergence show close link to the variables characterizing the health care system of sample countries.

Suggested Citation

  • Heshmati, Almas, 2001. "On the Causality between GDP and Health Care Expenditure in Augmented Solow Growth Model," SSE/EFI Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance 423, Stockholm School of Economics.
  • Handle: RePEc:hhs:hastef:0423
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    Cited by:

    1. Bory Seng, 2010. "The Driving Forces Underlying the Growth of Total Factor Productivity in Cambodia," TEMEP Discussion Papers 201068, Seoul National University; Technology Management, Economics, and Policy Program (TEMEP), revised Oct 2010.
    2. Barış Alpaslan & King Yoong Lim & Yan Song, 2021. "Growth and welfare in mixed health system financing with physician dual practice in a developing economy: a case of Indonesia," International Journal of Health Economics and Management, Springer, vol. 21(1), pages 51-80, March.
    3. Nadide Halıcı-Tülüce & İbrahim Doğan & Cüneyt Dumrul, 2016. "Is income relevant for health expenditure and economic growth nexus?," International Journal of Health Economics and Management, Springer, vol. 16(1), pages 23-49, March.
    4. Mercedes Gumbau Albert, 2021. "The impact of health status and human capital formation on regional performance: Empirical evidence," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 100(1), pages 123-139, February.
    5. Gianluigi Coppola, 2012. "Health, Lifestyle and Growth," AIEL Series in Labour Economics, in: Giuliana Parodi & Dario Sciulli (ed.), Social Exclusion, chapter 0, pages 17-34, Springer.
    6. Pablo Daniel Monterubbianesi & Martín Grandes & Carlos Dabús, 2017. "New Evidence of the Health Status and Economic Growth Relationship," Panoeconomicus, Savez ekonomista Vojvodine, Novi Sad, Serbia, vol. 64(4), pages 439-459, September.
    7. Mohammad Mafizur Rahman & Xuan-Binh (Benjamin) Vu & Son Nghiem, 2022. "Economic Growth in Six ASEAN Countries: Are Energy, Human Capital and Financial Development Playing Major Roles?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-17, April.
    8. Hartwig, Jochen, 2012. "Testing the growth effects of structural change," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 23(1), pages 11-24.
    9. Wycliffe Obwori Alwago, 2023. "The nexus between health expenditure, life expectancy, and economic growth: ARDL model analysis for Kenya," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 15(5), pages 1064-1085, June.
    10. Hartwig, Jochen, 2014. "Testing the Uzawa–Lucas model with OECD data," Research in Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(2), pages 144-156.
    11. Serdar Kurt, 2015. "Government Health Expenditures and Economic Growth: A Feder Ram Approach for the Case of Turkey," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 5(2), pages 441-447.
    12. Clemente, Jesus & Marcuello, Carmen & Montanes, Antonio & Pueyo, Fernando, 2004. "On the international stability of health care expenditure functions: are government and private functions similar?," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 23(3), pages 589-613, May.
    13. Gebremeskel H. Gebremariam & Tesfa G. Gebremedhin & Peter V. Schaeffer & Randall W. Jackson, 2008. "Modeling Regional Growth Spillovers: An Analysis of Employment Growth, Migration Behavior, Local Public Services and Household Income in Appalachia," Working Papers e07-13, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Economics.
    14. Jochen Hartwig, 2008. "Has Health Capital Formation Cured 'Baumol's Disease'? - Panel Granger Causality Evidence for OECD Countries," KOF Working papers 08-206, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich.
    15. Biswajit Maitra, 2018. "Investment in Physical, Human Capital, Economic Growth and Life Expectancy in Bangladesh," South Asia Economic Journal, Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka, vol. 19(2), pages 251-269, September.
    16. Hartwig, Jochen, 2010. "Is health capital formation good for long-term economic growth? - Panel Granger-causality evidence for OECD countries," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 32(1), pages 314-325, March.
    17. Samia Nasreen, 2021. "Association between health expenditures, economic growth and environmental pollution: Long‐run and causality analysis from Asian economies," International Journal of Health Planning and Management, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(3), pages 925-944, May.
    18. Ren Wang & Rui Wang & Hongqi Ma, 2019. "The effect of healthy human capital improvement on savings and growth: An empirical study based on China’s inter-provincial panel data," Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Economics and Business, vol. 37(1), pages 29-54.
    19. Bernard Sarpong & Edward Nketiah-Amponsah & Nkechi S. Owoo, 2020. "Health and Economic Growth Nexus: Evidence from Selected Sub-Saharan African (SSA) Countries," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 21(2), pages 328-347, April.
    20. MESSAILI, Moussa & KAID TLILANE, Nouara, 2018. "Essai d’évaluation de la contribution de la santé à la croissance économique en Algérie [An assessment of the contribution of health to economic growth in Algeria]," MPRA Paper 88013, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 18 Jul 2018.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Solow growth model; health care expenditure; GDP; convergence; OECD;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C20 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - General
    • E13 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - General Aggregative Models - - - Neoclassical
    • H51 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - Government Expenditures and Health
    • O47 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence
    • O57 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Comparative Studies of Countries

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