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Private and Group Tutoring in Egypt: Where is The Gender Inequality?

Author

Listed:
  • Asmaa Elbadawy

    (McMaster University, Canada)

  • Ragui Assaad
  • Dennis Ahlburg
  • Deborah Levison

Abstract

Private tutoring is being practiced at an alarming scale in Egypt and in many other developing countries. Nonetheless, the literature on tutoring is still scant. The purpose of this paper is to gain an understanding of the nature and determinants of tutoring in Egypt, using micro-level data, in order to investigate whether gender bias exists in tutoring decisions. It is expected that since gender disparities are present in educational investments in general, they would be more pronounced in optional educational investments like that of receiving tutoring. It is also expected that since labor market outcomes are more favorable to boys, parents would be less willing to spend on tutoring for girls. Surprisingly, however, no gender bias against girls was detected with respect to tutoring. The absence of bias is in itself a significant and puzzling finding. We conclude that the education premium in the marriage market may be the answer to the puzzle.

Suggested Citation

  • Asmaa Elbadawy & Ragui Assaad & Dennis Ahlburg & Deborah Levison, 2007. "Private and Group Tutoring in Egypt: Where is The Gender Inequality?," Working Papers 0429, Economic Research Forum, revised Oct 2007.
    • Handle: RePEc:erg:wpaper:0429
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bray, Mark & Kwok, Percy, 2003. "Demand for private supplementary tutoring: conceptual considerations, and socio-economic patterns in Hong Kong," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 22(6), pages 611-620, December.
    2. Bagala P. BISWAL, 1999. "Private Tutoring And Public Corruption: A Cost-Effective Education System For Developing Countries," The Developing Economies, Institute of Developing Economies, vol. 37(2), pages 222-240, June.
    3. Rosenzweig, Mark R & Schultz, T Paul, 1982. "Market Opportunities, Genetic Endowments, and Intrafamily Resource Distribution: Child Survival in Rural India," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 72(4), pages 803-815, September.
    4. Harold Alderman & Jere R. Behrman & David R. Ross & Richard Sabot, 1996. "Decomposing the Gender Gap in Cognitive Skills in a Poor Rural Economy," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 31(1), pages 229-254.
    5. Behrman, Jere R, 1988. "Intrahousehold Allocation of Nutrients in Rural India: Are Boys Favored? Do Parents Exhibit Inequality Aversion?," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 40(1), pages 32-54, March.
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Djavad Salehi-Isfahani & Nadia Belhaj Hassine, 2012. "Equality of Opportunity in Education in the Middle East and North Africa," Working Papers e07-33, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Economics.
    2. Aysit Tansel, 2013. "Supplementary Education in Turkey: Recent Developments and Future Prospectss," Koç University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum Working Papers 1319, Koc University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum.
    3. Asmaa Elbadawy, 2013. "The Effect of Tutoring on Secondary Streaming in Egypt," Working Papers 769, Economic Research Forum, revised Sep 2013.
    4. Aysit Tansel & Fatma Bircan, 2008. "Private Supplementary Tutoring in Turkey Recent Evidence on Its Various Aspects," Working Papers 451, Economic Research Forum, revised 09 Jan 2008.
    5. Djavad Salehi-Isfahani & Sara Taghvatalab, 2019. "Education and the allocation of time of married women in Iran," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 17(3), pages 889-921, September.
    6. Aysit Tansel, 2013. "Supplementary Education in Turkey: Recent Developments and Future Prospectss," Koç University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum Working Papers 1319, Koc University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum.
    7. Djavad Salehi-Isfahani & Nadia Hassine & Ragui Assaad, 2014. "Equality of opportunity in educational achievement in the Middle East and North Africa," The Journal of Economic Inequality, Springer;Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, vol. 12(4), pages 489-515, December.
    8. Farchaini Budi Astuti & Ujang Sumarwan & Ibnul Qayim, 2016. "Prevalence for Private Tuition among Parents, Teachers and Pupils in Public Primary Schools in Machakos County," Journal of Education and e-Learning Research, Asian Online Journal Publishing Group, vol. 3(3), pages 115-123.
    9. Asmaa Elbadawy, 2014. "Education in Egypt: Improvements in Attainment, Problems with Quality and Inequality," Working Papers 854, Economic Research Forum, revised Nov 2014.
    10. Ragui Assaad & Deborah Levison & Nadia Zibani, 2010. "The Effect of Domestic Work on Girls' Schooling: Evidence from Egypt," Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(1), pages 79-128.
    11. Aysit Tansel & Fatma Bircan, 2007. "Private Supplementary Tutoring in Turkey Recent Evidence on Its Various Aspects," Working Papers 2008/9, Turkish Economic Association.
    12. Sieverding, Maia & Krafft, Caroline & Elbadawy, Asmaa, 2017. "“The Teacher Does Not Explain in Class”: An Exploration of the Drivers of Private Tutoring in Egypt," GLO Discussion Paper Series 135, Global Labor Organization (GLO).

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