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Energy transition under mineral constraints and recycling: A low-carbon supply peak

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  • Simon Chazel
  • Sophie Bernard
  • Hassan Benchekroun

Abstract

What are the implications of primary mineral constraints for the energy transition? Low-carbon energy production uses green capital, which requires primary minerals. We build on the seminal framework for the transition from a dirty to a clean energy in Golosov et al. (2014) to incorporate the role played by primary minerals and their potential recycling. We characterize the optimal paths of the energy transition under various mineral constraint scenarios. Mineral constraints limit the development of green energy in the long run: low-carbon energy production eventually reaches a plateau. We run our simulations using copper as the limiting mineral and we allow for its full recycling. Even in the limiting case of a 100% recycling rate, after five to six decades green energy production is 50% lower than in the scenario with unlimited primary copper, and after 30 decades, GDP is 3–8% lower. In extension scenarios, we confirm that a longer life duration of green capital delays copper extraction and the green energy peak, whereas reduced recycling caps moves the peak in green energy production forward. Quelles sont les implications des contraintes liées aux minéraux primaires pour la transition énergétique ? La production d'énergie à faible teneur en carbone fait appel au capital vert, qui nécessite des minéraux primaires. Nous nous appuyons sur le cadre fondateur de la transition d'une énergie sale à une énergie propre de Golosov et al. (2014) pour intégrer le rôle joué par les minéraux primaires et leur recyclage potentiel. Nous caractérisons les voies optimales de la transition énergétique dans divers scénarios de contraintes minérales. Les contraintes minérales limitent le développement des énergies vertes à long terme : la production d'énergie à faible teneur en carbone finit par atteindre un plateau. Nous effectuons nos simulations en utilisant le cuivre comme minéral limitant et nous permettons son recyclage complet. Même dans le cas limite d'un taux de recyclage de 100 %, après cinq à six décennies, la production d'énergie verte est inférieure de 50 % à celle du scénario où le cuivre primaire est illimité, et après 30 décennies, le PIB est inférieur de 3 à 8 %. Dans les scénarios d'extension, nous confirmons qu'une durée de vie plus longue du capital vert retarde l'extraction du cuivre et le pic de production d'énergie verte, tandis qu'une réduction des plafonds de recyclage avance le pic de production d'énergie verte.

Suggested Citation

  • Simon Chazel & Sophie Bernard & Hassan Benchekroun, 2023. "Energy transition under mineral constraints and recycling: A low-carbon supply peak," CIRANO Working Papers 2023s-09, CIRANO.
  • Handle: RePEc:cir:cirwor:2023s-09
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