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Pension reforms in Chile and social security principles, 1981–2015

Author

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  • Carmelo Mesa‐Lago
  • Fabio Bertranou

Abstract

Chile pioneered in Latin America not only the introduction of social security pensions, but the structural reform that privatized them and a process of “re‐reform” implementing key improvements. A Presidential Commission in Chile, appointed in 2014 to evaluate reform progress and remaining problems in the pension system, released its report in September 2015. In light of the Commission's findings, the article assesses Chile's compliance with International Labour Organization social security guiding principles: social dialogue, universal coverage, equal treatment, social solidarity, gender equity, adequacy of benefits, efficiency and affordable administrative cost, social participation in management, state role and supervision, and financial sustainability. The exercise follows three stages: the structural reform (1981–2008), the re‐reform (2008–2015), and the Presidential Commission proposals (2015) Le Chili a été un pionnier en Amérique latine non seulement pour ce qui concerne l'introduction de pensions versées par la sécurité sociale mais également pour ce qui concerne la réforme structurelle qui les a privatisées et le processus de «contre‐réforme» qui a mis en place des améliorations essentielles. Une commission présidentielle, établie en 2014 dans l'objectif d'évaluer l'avancement des réformes et les problèmes persistants au sein du régime de pension a publié son rapport en septembre 2015. A la lumière des conclusions de la Commission, cet article évalue le niveau de conformité du Chili par rapport aux principes directeurs de l'Organisation internationale du Travail en matière de sécurité sociale: dialogue social, couverture universelle, égalité de traitement, solidarité sociale, égalité entre les sexes, adéquation des prestations, efficacité et coût maîtrisé de l'administration, participation sociale dans la gestion, rôle de l'état et supervision, et enfin pérennité financière. L'exercice prend en compte trois étapes: la réforme structurelle (1981‐2008), la contre‐réforme (2008‐2015) et les propositions de la Commission présidentielle (2015). Chile lideró en América Latina no sólo la introducción de pensiones de seguridad social, sino también la reforma estructural que las privatizó y un proceso de “nueva reforma” en cuyo marco se llevaron a cabo mejoras fundamentales. Una Comisión Presidencial en Chile, designada en 2014 para evaluar los progresos de las reformas y los problemas persistentes en el régimen de pensiones, publicó su informe en septiembre de 2015. A la luz de las conclusiones de la Comisión, el artículo evalúa el cumplimiento por Chile de los principios rectores de la seguridad social de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo: diálogo social, cobertura universal, igualdad de trato, solidaridad social, igualdad de género, suficiencia de las prestaciones, eficiencia y costo administrativo asequible, participación social en la gestión, función y supervisión del Estado, y sostenibilidad financiera. El ejercicio consta de tres fases: la reforma estructural (1981–2008), la nueva reforma (2008–2015), y las propuestas de la Comisión Presidencial (2015). Chile war in Lateinamerika nicht nur Vorreiter bei der Einführung von Renten der sozialen Sicherheit, sondern auch bei der strukturellen Reform zu deren Privatisierung und bei der erneuten Reform zur Umsetzung der wichtigsten Verbesserungen. Ein chilenischer Präsidialausschuss, der 2014 zur Bestimmung der Reformfortschritte und der verbleibenden Probleme im Rentensystem eingesetzt wurde, hat im September 2015 einen Bericht vorgelegt. Der Artikel beschreibt im Licht der Befunde dieses Ausschusses, inwieweit die leitenden Prinzipien der sozialen Sicherheit der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation durch Chile eingehalten werden: sozialer Dialog, universelle Deckung, Gleichbehandlung, soziale Solidarität, Generationengerechtigkeit, Angemessenheit der Leistungen, Wirksamkeit und Kosteneffizienz der Verwaltung, soziale Beteiligung im Management, staatliche Rolle und Überwachung und finanzielle Tragfähigkeit. Die Untersuchung befasst sich mit drei Phasen: strukturelle Reform (1981‐2008), erneute Reform (2008‐2015) und Vorschläge des Präsidialauschusses (2015). O Chile foi pioneiro na América Latina não apenas na introdução das pensões de seguridade social como também na reforma estrutural que as privatizou e no processo de “re‐reforma”, implementando aprimoramentos importantes. Uma comissão presidencial no Chile, constituída em 2014 para avaliar o andamento da reforma e os problemas remanescentes no sistema de pensão, divulgou seu relatório em setembro de 2015. À luz dos levantamentos da Comissão, o presente artigo avalia o grau de conformidade do Chile aos princípios diretores de seguridade social da Organização Internacional do Trabalho: diálogo social, cobertura universal, tratamento igualitário, solidariedade social, equidade de gênero, adequação dos benefícios, eficiência e custo administrativo acessível, participação social na gestão, função do estado e supervisão, e sustentabilidade financeira. O exercício contempla três estágios: a reforma estrutural (1981–2008), a re‐reforma (2008–2015) e as propostas da Comissão Presidencial (2015). Из вcex cтpaн Лaтинcкoй Aмepики Чили нe тoлькo пepвoй ввeлa coциaльнoe пeнcиoннoe oбecпeчeниe, нo и ocущecтвилa cтpуктуpную peфopму путeм пpивaтизaции пeнcиoннoй cиcтeмы c пocлeдующeй peфopмoй, нaпpaвлeннoй нa coвepшeнcтвoвaниe ключeвыx oтpacлeй. B 2014 гoду в Чили былa coздaнa пpeзидeнтcкaя кoмиccия, кoтopoй былo пopучeнo oцeнить peфopмы и выявить ocтaющиecя нepeшeнными пpoблeмы пeнcиoннoй cиcтeмы. Дoклaд кoмиccии был oпубликoвaн в ceнтябpe 2015 гoдa. Ha ocнoвe вывoдoв дoклaдa в cтaтьe oцeнивaeтcя cлeдoвaниe Чили глaвным пpинципaм coциaльнoгo oбecпeчeния, paзpaбoтaнным Meждунapoднoй opгaнизaциeй тpудa (coциaльный диaлoг, вceoбщий oxвaт, paвнoe oбpaщeниe, coциaльнaя coлидapнocть, гeндepнoe paвeнcтвo, aдeквaтнocть пocoбий, эффeктивнocть и экoнoмичнocть aдминиcтpaтивныx pacxoдoв, учacтиe oбщecтвa в упpaвлeнии, poль гocудapcтвa, нaдзop и финaнcoвaя уcтoйчивocть). B cтaтьe paccмoтpeны тpи cтaдии peфopм: cтpуктуpнaя peфopмa (1981‐2008 гг.), пocлeдующaя peфopмa (2008‐15 гг.) и пpeдлoжeния пpeзидeнтcкoй кoмиccии (2015 г.). 智利在拉美不仅率先引入社保养老金,而且率先对其进行私有化结构改革以及率先进入“再改革”的进程以实施关键的改进。2014年,智利委任了一个评估养老金改革进展及其遗留问题的总统委员会;2015年9月,该委员会发表了其首份报告。本文根据该委员会的调查结果,评估了智利在遵守国际劳工组织有关社会对话、全民覆盖、平等待遇、社会团结、性别平等、给付充足性、效率和负担得起的管理成本、社会参与管理、国家作用和监管、以及财政可持续性等社保指导原则方面的情况。该改革划分为如下三个阶段:结构改革(1981至2008年)、再改革(2008至2015年)、以及总统委员会建议(2015年)。 لم تكن شيلي رائدة في أمريكا اللاتينية في إدراج معاشات الضمان الاجتماعي فحسب، إنما كذلك في الإصلاحات الهيكلية التي خصخصت هذه المعاشات وعملية "إعادة اصلاح" الذي تدرج تحسينات أساسية. وأصدرت لجنة رئاسية في شيلي، عُيّنت في 2014 بغرض تقييم التقدم المحرز في الإصلاحات والمشاكل المتبقية في نظام المعاشات، تقريرها في أيلول / سبتمبر 2015. ويقيّم هذا المقال، استناداً إلى النتائج التي خلصت إليها اللجنة، التزام شيلي بالمبادئ التوجيهية للضمان الاجتماعي التابعة لمنظمة العمل الدولية: الحوار الاجتماعي والتغطية الشاملة والمساواة في المعاملة والتضامن الاجتماعي والمساواة بين الجنسين وملاءمة المنافع والتكاليف الإدارية الفعالة ويسيرة المنال والمشاركة الاجتماعية في الإدارة ودور الدولة والمراقبة والاستدامة المالية. ويشمل هذا التحليل ثلاثة مراحل: الإصلاح الهيكلي (2008‐1981) وإعادة الإصلاح (2015‐2008) ومقترحات اللجنة الرئاسية (2015)

Suggested Citation

  • Carmelo Mesa‐Lago & Fabio Bertranou, 2016. "Pension reforms in Chile and social security principles, 1981–2015," International Social Security Review, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 69(1), pages 25-45, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:intssr:v:69:y:2016:i:1:p:25-45
    DOI: 10.1111/issr.12093
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    1. Mesa-Lago, Carmelo, 2012. "Reassembling Social Security: A Survey of Pensions and Health Care Reforms in Latin America," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780199644612.
    2. Filgueira, Fernando & Espíndola, Ernesto, 2015. "Toward a system of basic cash transfers for children and older persons: An estimation of efforts, impacts and possibilities in Latin America," Políticas Sociales 37820, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
    3. Sojo, Ana, 2014. "El sistema contributivo de pensiones como locus de rivalidad y de un nuevo pacto social en Chile," Políticas Sociales 37138, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
    4. Alberto Arenas de Mesa & Carmelo Mesa-Lago, 2006. "The Structural Pension Reform in Chile: Effects, Comparisons with Other Latin American Reforms, and Lessons," Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Oxford University Press and Oxford Review of Economic Policy Limited, vol. 22(1), pages 149-167, Spring.
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    2. Ząbkowicz Anna, 2017. "Mandatory pension funds in Chile: decline of the arrangement?," Financial Internet Quarterly (formerly e-Finanse), Sciendo, vol. 13(4), pages 149-155, December.
    3. Christoph Freudenberg & Mr. Frederik G Toscani, 2019. "Informality and the Challenge of Pension Adequacy: Outlook and Reform Options for Peru," IMF Working Papers 2019/149, International Monetary Fund.
    4. Javier Pla-Porcel & Manuel Ventura-Marco & Carlos Vidal-Meliá, 2017. "How do unisex life care annuities embedded in a pay-as-you-go retirement system affect gender redistribution?," Documentos de Trabajo del ICAE 2017-11, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Instituto Complutense de Análisis Económico.
    5. Ishay Wolf & Lorena Caridad y Lopez del Rio, 2021. "The Expectation for Pension Insurance in Funded Schemes: Theoretical Model and Global Implementation," Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Richtmann Publishing Ltd, vol. 10, September.
    6. Harrison, Rodrigo & Parada-Contzen, Marcela & Villena, Marcelo, 2023. "Can auctions increase competition in the pension funds market? The Chilean experience," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 45(5), pages 975-993.

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • H55 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - Social Security and Public Pensions
    • J18 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Public Policy

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