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Relaxing CAFE: Foreign direct investment, NAFTA and domestic product standards

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  • Phillip McCalman
  • Alan Spearot

Abstract

This paper studies the effects of domestic product standards on the offshoring behaviour of automotive firms. In particular, we examine an important non‐tariff barrier to trade within US fuel economy policy—the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) “two‐fleet rule.” By leveraging the removal of the two‐fleet rule upon implementation of NAFTA and exploiting a policy discontinuity based on vehicle characteristics, we present evidence that the costs of offshoring were reduced to a larger degree for varieties that were subject to US fuel economy rules. Specifically, we estimate that prices fell between 5% to 10% for varieties subject to the CAFE two‐fleet rule relative to varieties that were exempt from the rule. These effects are persistent, not present for manufacturers that did not offshore prior to NAFTA and are robust to variety‐specific trends. These effects also reconcile the post‐NAFTA differences in implied compliance costs between cars and trucks for our treatment manufacturer (Chrysler). Overall, the results highlight the potential costs of regional enforcement of otherwise location‐neutral product standards, which may act as a barrier to natural patterns of efficient specialization. Assouplissement de CAFE : investissement direct à l';étranger, ALENA, et standards domestiques des produits. Ce texte étudie les effets de standards domestiques des produits sur le comportement de sous‐traitance à l';étranger des producteurs automobiles. En particulier, on examine une importante barrière non‐tarifaire qui existe le cadre de la politique d';économie du carburant des États‐Unis — CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) et sa règle des deux flottes. En utilisant le retrait de la règle des deux flottes lors de la mise en oeuvre de l';ALENA, et une discontinuité de la politique portant sur les caractéristiques des véhicules, on montre que les coûts de la délocalisation ont été réduits d';un plus fort degré pour les variétés de véhicules qui étaient sujets aux règles de CAFE. Spécifiquement, on estime que les prix ont chuté de 5 % à 10 % pour les variétés sujettes aux règles de CAFE par rapport aux variétés exemptées de la règle. Ces effets sont persistants, ne s';appliquent pas pour les manufacturiers qui ne s';étaient pas délocalisés avant l';ALENA, et robustes face aux tendances dans la spécificité des variétés. Ces effets réconcilient aussi les différences après‐ALENA dans les coûts à se conformer des voitures et des camions dans le cas particulier (Chrysler) étudié. D';un point de vue plus général, les résultats soulignent les coûts potentiels de l';application régionale de règles de standards censément neutres régionalement, qui peuvent être une barrière à un pattern naturel assurant une spécialisation plus efficiente.

Suggested Citation

  • Phillip McCalman & Alan Spearot, 2015. "Relaxing CAFE: Foreign direct investment, NAFTA and domestic product standards," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 48(5), pages 1944-1974, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:48:y:2015:i:5:p:1944-1974
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12186
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    JEL classification:

    • F12 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies; Fragmentation

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