Impacts of global warming on phytoplankton–zooplankton dynamics: a modelling study

This work develops the dynamic behaviour of the two-species model in the context of phytoplankton and zooplankton interactions with the consequences of global warming. Without zooplankton and without global warming, phytoplankton is thought to be growing logistically. Growing global warming is considered to be causing phytoplankton growth to decline. It is proposed that the eating of phytoplankton causes an increase in zooplankton. The combination of rising water temperatures and natural mortality is considered to have reduced the amount of zooplankton. It is speculated that a variety of natural and human activities contribute to the slow growth of global warming. Along with the natural rate at which global warming decays, a rise in phytoplankton is thought to be another factor contributing to a potential reduction in global warming. Various potential equilibrium points of the model have been found. Furthermore, the model's stability is examined in close proximity to every equilibrium point. It can be seen from the numerical simulation findings that, even in the presence of global warming, phytoplankton and zooplankton can coexist in the ecological system. Unpredictable or unstable behaviour of the model is attributed to how rising global temperatures influence phytoplankton growth rates. The increased absorption of atmospheric CO2 by phytoplankton for photosynthesis might enable the ecological system to maintain its stable behaviour. It has been noted that the biological system may become unstable due to the rise in zooplankton conservation rates. It is seen that the increase in water temperature or global warming may make the system unstable. Increasing rate of consumption of phytoplankton by zooplankton may show the oscillatory or unstable dynamics of the ecosystem due to global warming. Lastly, it is evident that the planktonic ecosystem may become unstable because of the continuous rise in global warming.