Bioremediation of industrial dye waste effluents aided by GIS applications: a comprehensive review

Being an essential element for life on Earth water is required for everyday activities as well as major industrial applications, including agriculture. However, major anthropogenic activities, ranging from agriculture to the textile industry and many others, are leading to the release of numerous quantities of chemical effluents and dyes into water bodies. This is causing significant harm to the environment and pollution of all strata of the environment due to the release and deposition of hazardous synthetic dyes used in the textile and fabric industry. The quality of water is depleting, dissolved oxygen is decreasing, and eutrophication is increasing, ultimately posing a possible threat to aquatic flora and fauna. To address this issue, various remediation methods are being used, including physical–chemical and biological methods. This review will focus on the biological method, specifically the bioremediation of effluent dyes from the textile industry wastewaters using microbes, algae, yeasts, enzymes and plants. These techniques are currently being aided by GIS and RS (remote sensing) for real-time management and maintenance of the water body quality. The application of advanced green approaches such as remote sensing and GIS in mapping the areas surrounding such industries makes it possible to carry out large-scale clearing and removal of contaminants. GIS-based high-resolution mapping of the contaminant hazard zones further supports remediation efforts. This review will provide a comprehensive understanding of a novel bioremediation method to readers and researchers working on biological remediation methods and their superiority compared to other methods.