Health Interventions May Have Divergent Impacts on Health and Economic Equity: A Case Study of the Community-Based Hypertension Improvement Project in Ghana

Background and Objective Improving health and economic equity are key objectives in priority setting, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries. This study aims to assess the distributional impacts of the Community-based Hypertension Improvement Project (ComHIP) on health and economic outcomes across wealth quintiles in Ghana. Methods We developed a decision analytical model to simulate a 30 million cohort of Ghanaians aged 15–49 years. The study specified health outcomes as the prevention of stroke cases and averting deaths among those with hypertension. Furthermore, we explored economic impacts, including savings in out-of-pocket costs for stroke patients and government spending. Financial risk protection against catastrophic and impoverishing health expenditures was also examined. We assessed these outcomes across wealth quintiles, and the corresponding concentration indexes (CIXs) were determined. Results It was estimated that ComHIP could prevent 1450 stroke cases and 564 related deaths annually. Health benefits were observed to be more significant among the wealthier quintiles (CIX 0.217), mainly attributed to a higher occurrence of hypertension within these groups. ComHIP was also projected to result in an annual saving of USD 49,885 in individuals’ out-of-pocket costs (CIX 0.262) and USD 37,578 in government spending (CIX 0.146). These savings correspond to the prevention of 335 catastrophic health expenditure cases (CIX − 0.239) and 11 impoverishing health expenditure cases (CIX − 0.600). Conclusions While ComHIP provides greater health benefits to wealthier groups, it offers substantial financial risk protection for the less wealthy. This study highlights the importance of considering equity in both health and financial risk when making priority-setting decisions.