IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/sae/urbstu/v27y1990i4p497-508.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Analysing the Risk of Income-producing Real Estate

Author

Listed:
  • Joseph Gyourko

    (Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA)

  • Peter Linneman

    (Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Wharton Real Estate Center)

Abstract

Institutional investors typically allocate under 5 per cent of their portfolios to income-producing real estate, yet the results of most academic studies imply that far larger allocations are optimal. One widespread argument is that the conflict between observed behaviour and scholarly prediction is spurious in the sense that it arises due to the use of faulty appraisal-based data. While lagged appraisals undoubtedly do smooth real estate return data, we argue that two other factors help explain the low measured variance of income-producing property returns and the low covariances of appraisal-based index returns with the stock market. The first is that most appraisal-based series are unlevered while the Standard and Poor 500 firms are approximately 50 per cent levered. A synthetic leveraging (i.e. gearing) of the Frank Russell Company real property series almost doubles the variance in its returns. The second factor flows from real estate market fundamentals. Because rents basically are a fixed cost to tenant firms, rental flows on existing buildings should be more stable than are the firms' cash flows. This implies that real property returns would not co-vary strongly with the stock market.

Suggested Citation

  • Joseph Gyourko & Peter Linneman, 1990. "Analysing the Risk of Income-producing Real Estate," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 27(4), pages 497-508, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:sae:urbstu:v:27:y:1990:i:4:p:497-508
    DOI: 10.1080/00420989020080471
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/00420989020080471
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1080/00420989020080471?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Joseph Gyourko & Donald B. Keim, "undated". "The Risk and Return Characteristics of Stock Market-Based Real Estate Indexes and Their Relation to Appraisal-Based Returns," Rodney L. White Center for Financial Research Working Papers 5-90, Wharton School Rodney L. White Center for Financial Research.
    2. James R. Webb & Jack H. Rubens, 1986. "Portfolio Considerations in the Valuation of Real Estate," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 14(3), pages 465-495, September.
    3. Roger G. Ibbotson & Laurence B. Siegel, 1984. "Real Estate Returns: A Comparison with Other Investments," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 12(3), pages 219-242, September.
    4. David Hartzell & John Hekman & Mike Miles, 1986. "Diversification Categories in Investment Real Estate," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 14(2), pages 230-254, June.
    5. W. B. Brueggeman & A. H. Chen & T. G. Thibodeau, 1984. "Real Estate Investment Funds: Performance and Portfolio Considerations," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 12(3), pages 333-354, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Frances Brill, 2022. "Governing investors and developers: Analysing the role of risk allocation in urban development," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 59(7), pages 1499-1517, May.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. David Geltner, 1989. "Estimating Real Estate's Systematic Risk from Aggregate Level Appraisal‐Based Returns," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 17(4), pages 463-481, December.
    2. Justin D. Benefield & Randy I. Anderson & Leonard V. Zumpano, 2009. "Performance differences in property‐type diversified versus specialized real estate investment trusts (REITs)," Review of Financial Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(2), pages 70-79, April.
    3. Armonat, Stefan & Pfnür, Andreas, 2002. "Basel II and the German credit crunch?," Publications of Darmstadt Technical University, Institute for Business Studies (BWL) 35585, Darmstadt Technical University, Department of Business Administration, Economics and Law, Institute for Business Studies (BWL).
    4. Robert Edelstein & Daniel Quan, 2006. "How Does Appraisal Smoothing Bias Real Estate Returns Measurement?," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 32(1), pages 41-60, February.
    5. Patric H. Hendershott & Thomas G. Thibodeau & Halbert C. Smith, 2009. "Evolution of the American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association1," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 37(4), pages 559-598, December.
    6. Benefield, Justin D. & Anderson, Randy I. & Zumpano, Leonard V., 2009. "Performance differences in property-type diversified versus specialized real estate investment trusts (REITs)," Review of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 18(2), pages 70-79, April.
    7. Fatnassi, Ibrahim & Slim, Chaouachi & Ftiti, Zied & Ben Maatoug, Abderrazek, 2014. "Effects of monetary policy on the REIT returns: Evidence from the United Kingdom," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 15-26.
    8. Duc Khuong Nguyen & Nikolas Topaloglou & Thomas Walther, 2020. "Asset Classes and Portfolio Diversification: Evidence from a Stochastic Spanning Approach," Working Papers 2020-009, Department of Research, Ipag Business School.
    9. Brent W. Ambrose & Hugh O. Nourse, 1993. "Factors Influencing Capitalization Rates," Journal of Real Estate Research, American Real Estate Society, vol. 8(2), pages 221-238.
    10. Marc Simpson & Sanjay Ramchander & James Webb, 2007. "The Asymmetric Response of Equity REIT Returns to Inflation," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 34(4), pages 513-529, May.
    11. Das, Mahamitra & Sarkar, Nityananda, 2017. "Re-investigating the anomalous relationship between inflation and equity REIT returns: A regime-switching approach," MPRA Paper 95135, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 05 Nov 2018.
    12. I-Chun Tsai, 2015. "Monetary policy and bubbles in the national and regional UK housing markets," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 52(8), pages 1471-1488, June.
    13. G. Donald Jud & John D. Benjamin & G. Stacy Sirmans, 1996. "What Do We Know about Apartments and Their Markets?," Journal of Real Estate Research, American Real Estate Society, vol. 11(3), pages 243-258.
    14. David J. Hartzell & Robert H. Pittman & David H. Downs, 1994. "An Updated Look at the Size of the U.S. Real Estate Market Portfolio," Journal of Real Estate Research, American Real Estate Society, vol. 9(2), pages 197-212.
    15. Essafi Zouari Yasmine & Nasreddine Aya & Simon Arnaud, 2020. "The Role of Housing in a Mixed-Asset Portfolio: The Particular Case of Direct Housing within the Greater Paris Region," Working Papers hal-02537087, HAL.
    16. William C. Wheaton & Raymond G. Torto, 1989. "Income and Appraised Values: A Reexamination of the FRC Returns Data," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 17(4), pages 439-449, December.
    17. Jianhua Gang & Liang Peng & Thomas G. Thibodeau, 2020. "Risk and Returns of Income Producing Properties: Core versus Noncore," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 48(2), pages 476-503, June.
    18. K.W. Chau & Bryan D. MacGregor & Gregory M. Schwann, 2001. "Price discovery in the Hong Kong real estate market," Journal of Property Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(3), pages 187-216.
    19. Kim Hiang Liow & Felix Schindler, 2014. "An Assessment of the Relationship between Public Real Estate and Stock Markets at the Local, Regional, and Global Levels," International Real Estate Review, Global Social Science Institute, vol. 17(2), pages 157-202.
    20. Arjun Chatrath & Youguo Liang, 1998. "REITs and Inflation: A Long-Run Perspective," Journal of Real Estate Research, American Real Estate Society, vol. 16(3), pages 311-326.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:sae:urbstu:v:27:y:1990:i:4:p:497-508. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: SAGE Publications (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.gla.ac.uk/departments/urbanstudiesjournal .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.