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Income Effects on Doctoral Programs in Pharmacy: Estimation and Prediction Using U.S. Data

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Listed:
  • Julie Ann Luiz Adrian
  • Tam Bang Vu
  • Yaw Owusu
  • Karla Hayashi

Abstract

The objective of this study was to quantitatively determine the effects of per capita income on pharmacy education in the U.S. Data on enrollments in Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences (Ph.D.) programs for forty-five regions in the U.S. were examined. To account for the dynamic effects, lagged values of all variables were included in the regressions, including lagged dependent variables. Hence, the System GMM procedures were employed. Wage income did not seem to affect the enrollments in a PharmD program whereas it positively affected enrollments in a Ph.D. program. In contrast, it appears that the proprietor income and property income affected a PharmD program positively whereas they affected a Ph.D. program negatively. The aggregate effects seemed to be positive on both programs. Growth implications and predictions were included. In conclusion, PharmD enrollments in pharmacy may be significantly impacted by all the variables of per capita income except wage income, whereas, all impacted Ph.D. enrollments.

Suggested Citation

  • Julie Ann Luiz Adrian & Tam Bang Vu & Yaw Owusu & Karla Hayashi, 2014. "Income Effects on Doctoral Programs in Pharmacy: Estimation and Prediction Using U.S. Data," Journal of Empirical Economics, Research Academy of Social Sciences, vol. 3(5), pages 261-277.
    • Handle: RePEc:rss:jnljee:v3i5p1
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Stephen Bond, 2002. "Dynamic panel data models: a guide to microdata methods and practice," CeMMAP working papers CWP09/02, Centre for Microdata Methods and Practice, Institute for Fiscal Studies.
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