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Regulatory Misconceptions in Pricing Thrift Conversions: A Closer Look at the Appraisal Process

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  • HALUK UNAL

Abstract

A series of news articles in the summer and fall of 1993 reported excessive managerial compensation and stock option packages at some large state-approved thrift mutual-to-stock conversions. Congress reacted to these reports and the House Banking Committee introduced legislation late in 1993 requiring state-chartered thrifts to comply with federal regulations in conversions. At the heart of the public policy debate in 1994 was whether windfall profits existed in conversions, and at the time of conversion from mutual to stock organizational form, who would be the rightful beneficiary of the accumulated build-up in proceeds. Under current OTS regulations, conversion from a mutual-to-stock organizational form is done under the sale-of stock approach, by selling stock to managers and depositors. Stock not purchased by these groups are offered for public sale. Issue proceeds are retained within the thrift as capital which is added to the accumulated equity of the mutual thrift to create a new capital base for the converted entity. Regulations require that the stock be priced based on an independent appraisal of the pro forma value of the converting thrift. Regulatory guidelines for the appraisals include specific valuation equations which appraisers must use to identify the offering price of the conversion. The appraisal industry estimates that during the 1970s approximately 1600 institutions were appraised in excess of $16 billion. Hence, these appraisal equations have had a significant effect in pricing these conversions. The validity of the appraisal equations has never been discussed either in the academic literature or in Congressional hearings. This paper evaluates the assumptions imbedded in these equations and demonstrates how regulators overlooked the inapplicability of these assumptions in thousands of conversions. The author raises serious questions about the integrity of the appraisal process in these conversions. The paper starts with a brief description of
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Suggested Citation

  • Haluk Unal, 1997. "Regulatory Misconceptions in Pricing Thrift Conversions: A Closer Look at the Appraisal Process," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 11(3), pages 239-254, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:kap:jfsres:v:11:y:1997:i:3:p:239-254
    DOI: 10.1023/A:1007942725098
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Cordell, Lawrence R & MacDonald, Gregor D & Wohar, Mark E, 1993. "Corporate Ownership and the Thrift Crisis," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 36(2), pages 719-756, October.
    2. Kane, Edward J & Unal, Haluk, 1990. "Modeling Structural and Temporal Variation in the Market's Valuation of Banking Firms," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 45(1), pages 113-136, March.
    3. Maksimovic, Vojislav & Unal, Haluk, 1993. "Issue Size Choice and "Underpricing" in Thrift Mutual-to-Stock Conversions," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 48(5), pages 1659-1692, December.
    4. Masulis, Ronald W., 1987. "Changes in ownership structure : Conversions of mutual savings and loans to stock charter," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 18(1), pages 29-59, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. James A. Wilcox, 2007. "Credit unions, conversions, and capital," FRBSF Economic Letter, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, issue jun22.
    2. Kenneth A. Carow & Steven R. Cox & Dianne M. Roden, 2007. "The Role of Insider Influence in Mutual‐to‐Stock Conversions," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 39(6), pages 1285-1304, September.
    3. Friesen, Geoffrey C. & Swift, Christopher, 2009. "Overreaction in the thrift IPO aftermarket," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(7), pages 1285-1298, July.
    4. Alejandro Pacheco & Chun-Hao Chang & Edward R. Lawrence, 2022. "Why do Subchapter S Banks Convert to C Banks?," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 62(3), pages 143-161, December.
    5. Adams, Brian & Carow, Kenneth A. & Perry, Tod, 2009. "Earnings management and initial public offerings: The case of the depository industry," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(12), pages 2363-2372, December.
    6. Egle Girdzijauskaite & Asta Radzeviciene & Arturas Jakubavicius & Audrius Banaitis, 2019. "International Branch Campuses as an Entry Mode to the Foreign Education Market," Administrative Sciences, MDPI, vol. 9(2), pages 1-14, June.
    7. Carow, Kenneth A. & Cox, Steven R. & Roden, Dianne M., 2004. "Mutual holding companies: Evidence of conflicts of interest through disparate dividends," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(2), pages 277-298, February.
    8. Adalgiso Amendola & Cristian Barra & Marinella Boccia & Anna Papaccio, 2021. "Market Structure and Financial Stability: the Interaction between Profit-Oriented and Mutual Cooperative Banks in Italy," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 60(2), pages 235-259, December.
    9. Kane, Edward J., 1998. "Lessons of privatization1," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 6(3-4), pages 235-249, August.
    10. Catherine M. Schrand & Haluk Unal, 1995. "Hedging and Coordinated Risk Management: Evidence from Thrift Conversions," Center for Financial Institutions Working Papers 96-05, Wharton School Center for Financial Institutions, University of Pennsylvania.
    11. Yamin Ahmad & Russell Kashian, 2010. "Modeling the time to an initial public offering: When does the fruit ripen?," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 34(4), pages 391-414, October.

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