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Influence of Carbons on Metal Stabilization and the Reduction in Soil Phytotoxicity with the Assessment of Health Risks

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  • Agnieszka Pusz

    (Land Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 20, 00-653 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Magdalena Wiśniewska

    (Land Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 20, 00-653 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Arkadiusz Kamiński

    (Environmental Protection Department, ORLEN S.A., Chemików 7, 09-411 Plock, Poland)

  • Peter Knosala

    (BHU Umwelttechnik GmbH, Einsteinstrasse 57, D71229 Leonberg, Denmark)

  • Dominik Rogalski

    (Land Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 20, 00-653 Warsaw, Poland)

Abstract

Despite notable achievements in the development and application of the remediation of metal-contaminated soils, the search for and study of promising immobilizing agents continues. This article presents a new approach to using brown coal and activated carbon and their application for metal stabilization. An experiment was conducted to test Medicago falcata L. on soils from industrial areas contaminated with varying levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni) with the addition of carbons. This plant is a stress-tolerant leguminous species. In this study, the total content of metals in soil and the available forms to plants (single extractions with 0.02 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA) were determined, along with metal contents in the plant. The use of carbons lowered the phytoavailable forms of metals for plants and thus, resulted in a reduction in the phytotoxicity of the soils. The contents of the tested metals in the roots and shoots were lower than in the combinations of soils with no carbon added. The activated carbon had a stronger effect on limiting the availability of metals than brown coal in relation to plants growing on soils without added carbon; the percentage of reduction for the shoots was Cr (18.2%) > Zn (11.5%) > Ni (10.7%) > Cu (10.3%) > Cd (8.9%) > Pb (2.4%) and Cu (13.3%) > Cr (12.5%) > Zn (10.5%) > Pb (9.0%) > Ni (5.7%) > Cd (4.6%) for roots. Metals reduced the growth of Medicago falcata L. roots from 44 to 21%, while the growth of shoots was reduced from 25 to 2%. Adding carbons to soils in all combinations resulted in a decrease in the following pollution indices: pollution index ( PI ), pollution load index ( PLI ), and non-carcinogenic ( HQ ) and carcinogenic risk factors ( ILCR ).

Suggested Citation

  • Agnieszka Pusz & Magdalena Wiśniewska & Arkadiusz Kamiński & Peter Knosala & Dominik Rogalski, 2024. "Influence of Carbons on Metal Stabilization and the Reduction in Soil Phytotoxicity with the Assessment of Health Risks," Resources, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-20, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jresou:v:13:y:2024:i:5:p:66-:d:1390980
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tiantian Ma & Youwen Zhang & Qingbai Hu & Minghai Han & Xiaohua Li & Youjun Zhang & Zhiguang Li & Rongguang Shi, 2022. "Accumulation Characteristics and Pollution Evaluation of Soil Heavy Metals in Different Land Use Types: Study on the Whole Region of Tianjin," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-15, August.
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