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Predictors of Psychological Distress across Three Time Periods during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland

Author

Listed:
  • Agata Chudzicka-Czupała

    (Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 40-326 Katowice, Poland)

  • Soon-Kiat Chiang

    (Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore)

  • Damian Grabowski

    (Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 40-326 Katowice, Poland)

  • Marta Żywiołek-Szeja

    (Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 40-326 Katowice, Poland)

  • Matthew Quek

    (School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland)

  • Bartosz Pudełek

    (Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 40-326 Katowice, Poland)

  • Kayla Teopiz

    (Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
    Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E8, Canada
    Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, ON M4W 3W4, Canada)

  • Roger Ho

    (Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
    Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore)

  • Roger S. McIntyre

    (Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
    Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E8, Canada
    Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, ON M4W 3W4, Canada)

Abstract

Background: Since the onset of COVID-19, public health policies and public opinions changed from stringent preventive measures against spread of COVID-19 to policies accommodating life with continued, diminished risk for contracting COVID-19. Poland is a country that demonstrated severe psychological impact and negative mental health. The study aims to examine psychological impact and changes in levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among three cross-sectional samples of Polish people and COVID-19-related factors associated with adverse mental health. Methods: In total, 2324 Polish persons participated in repeated cross-sectional studies across three surveys: Survey 1 (22 to 26 March 2020), Survey 2 (21 October to 3 December 2020), and Survey 3 (3 November to 10 December 2021). Participants completed an online survey, including Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), demographics, knowledge, and concerns of COVID-19 and precautionary measures. Results: A significant reduction of IES-R scores was seen across surveys, while DASS-21 scores were significantly higher in Survey 2. There was significant reduction in the frequency of following COVID-19 news, recent COVID-19 testing, and home isolation from Survey 1 to 3. Being emale was significantly associated with higher IES-R and DASS-21 scores in Surveys 1 and 2. Student status was significantly associated with higher DASS-21 across surveys. Chills, myalgia, and fatigue were significantly associated with high IES-R or DASS-21 scores across surveys. Frequency of wearing masks and perception that mask could reduce risk of COVID-19 were significantly associated with higher IES-R and DASS-21 scores. Conclusion: Conclusions: The aforementioned findings indicate a reduction in the level of the measured subjective distress andin the frequency of checking COVID-19 news-related information across three periods during the pandemic in Poland.

Suggested Citation

  • Agata Chudzicka-Czupała & Soon-Kiat Chiang & Damian Grabowski & Marta Żywiołek-Szeja & Matthew Quek & Bartosz Pudełek & Kayla Teopiz & Roger Ho & Roger S. McIntyre, 2022. "Predictors of Psychological Distress across Three Time Periods during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-16, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:22:p:15405-:d:979677
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mateusz Ciski & Krzysztof Rząsa, 2023. "Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression in the Investigation of Local COVID-19 Anomalies Based on Population Age Structure in Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(10), pages 1-23, May.

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