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Update on COVID-19 and Effectiveness of a Vaccination Campaign in a Global Context

Author

Listed:
  • Ioannis Alexandros Charitos

    (Department of Emergency and Urgency, National Poisoning Center, Riuniti University Hospital of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Andrea Ballini

    (Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Roberto Lovero

    (AOU Policlinico Consorziale di Bari-Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, Clinical Pathology Unit, Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Francesca Castellaneta

    (AOU Policlinico Consorziale di Bari-Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, Clinical Pathology Unit, Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy)

  • Marica Colella

    (Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy)

  • Salvatore Scacco

    (Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy)

  • Stefania Cantore

    (Independent Researcher, Sorriso & Benessere-Ricerca e Clinica, 70129 Bari, Italy)

  • Roberto Arrigoni

    (CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), 70125 Bari, Italy)

  • Filiberto Mastrangelo

    (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Mario Dioguardi

    (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 remains a significant issue for global health, the economy, and society. When SARS-CoV-2 began to spread, the most recent serious infectious disease of this century around the world, with its high morbidity and mortality rates, it is understandable why such infections have generally been spread in the past, mainly from international travel movements. This perspective review aimed to provide an update for clinicians on the recent developments related to the microbiological perspectives in pandemics, diagnostics, prevention (such as the spread of a virus), vaccination campaigns, treatment options, and health consequences for COVID-19 based on the current literature. In this way, the authors attempt to raise awareness on the transversal nature of these challenges by identifying the main risk/vulnerability factors that the scientific community must face including our current knowledge on the virus capacity of the mechanism of entry into the cells, the current classifications of viral variants, the knowledge of the mathematical model on the spread of viruses (the possible routes of transmission), and the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns in a global context of pandemic, particularly from COVID-19, with a look at new or future vaccines.

Suggested Citation

  • Ioannis Alexandros Charitos & Andrea Ballini & Roberto Lovero & Francesca Castellaneta & Marica Colella & Salvatore Scacco & Stefania Cantore & Roberto Arrigoni & Filiberto Mastrangelo & Mario Dioguar, 2022. "Update on COVID-19 and Effectiveness of a Vaccination Campaign in a Global Context," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-20, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:17:p:10712-:d:899820
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
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