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Environmental Impact of Enhanced Geothermal Systems with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: A Comparative Life Cycle Analysis of Polish and Norwegian Cases

Author

Listed:
  • Magdalena Strojny

    (Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Kraków, Poland)

  • Paweł Gładysz

    (Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Kraków, Poland)

  • Trond Andresen

    (SINTEF Energy Research, 7034 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Leszek Pająk

    (Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Kraków, Poland)

  • Magdalena Starczewska

    (Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Kraków, Poland)

  • Anna Sowiżdżał

    (Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Kraków, Poland)

Abstract

Low-carbon electricity and heat production is essential for keeping the decarbonization targets and climate mitigation goals. Thus, an accurate understanding of the potential environmental impacts constitutes a key aspect not only for the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions but also for other environmental categories. Life cycle assessment allows us to conduct an overall evaluation of a given process or system through its whole lifetime across various environmental indicators. This study focused on construction, operation and maintenance, and end-of-life phases, which were analyzed based on the ReCiPe 2016 method. Within this work, authors assessed the environmental performance of one of the renewable energy sources—Enhanced Geothermal Systems, which utilize supercritical carbon dioxide as a working fluid to produce electricity and heat. Heat for the process is extracted from hot, dry rocks, typically located at depths of approximately 4–5 km, and requires appropriate stimulation to enable fluid flow. Consequently, drilling and site preparation entail significant energy and material inputs. This stage, based on conducted calculations, exhibits the highest global warming potential, with values between 5.2 and 30.1 kgCO 2 eq/MWh el , corresponding to approximately 65%, 86%, and 94% in terms of overall impacts for ecosystems, human health, and resources categories, respectively. Moreover, the study authors compared the EGS impacts for the Polish and Norwegian conditions. Obtained results indicated that due to much higher electricity output from the Norwegian plant, which is sited offshore, the environmental influence remains the lowest, at a level of 11.9 kgCO 2 eq/MWh el . Polish cases range between 38.7 and 54.1 kgCO 2 eq/MWh el of global warming potential in terms of electricity production. Regarding power generation only, the impacts in the case of the Norwegian facility are two to five times lower than for the installation in the Polish conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Magdalena Strojny & Paweł Gładysz & Trond Andresen & Leszek Pająk & Magdalena Starczewska & Anna Sowiżdżał, 2024. "Environmental Impact of Enhanced Geothermal Systems with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: A Comparative Life Cycle Analysis of Polish and Norwegian Cases," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-17, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:9:p:2077-:d:1383895
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Lacirignola, Martino & Blanc, Isabelle, 2013. "Environmental analysis of practical design options for enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) through life-cycle assessment," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 901-914.
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