IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v191y2024ics1364032123010122.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Confidence-aware reinforcement learning for energy management of electrified vehicles

Author

Listed:
  • Wu, Jingda
  • Huang, Chao
  • He, Hongwen
  • Huang, Hailong

Abstract

The reliability of data-driven techniques, such as deep reinforcement learning (DRL) frequently diminishes in scenarios beyond their training environments. Despite DRL-based energy management strategies (EMS) having gained great popularity in optimizing the energy economy of electrified vehicles (EVs), their performance degradation in untrained contexts has not received adequate attention. This study presents a confidence-aware EMS designed to mitigate this problem and thereby enhance the overall EMS functionality. Firstly, a deep ensemble model-based uncertainty evaluation method is developed for devising a confidence assessment mechanism to measure the reliability of DRL actions. On this basis, a confidence-aware DRL-based strategy is proposed, wherein a knowledge-driven approach replaces DRL actions in instances of low confidence, aiming to improve overall performance. For validation, a fuel cell EV with complex energy flow was used as the testbed, and our proposed EMS was trained with the aim of optimizing fuel cell system energy consumption, battery longevity, and capacity maintenance. Both the confidence mechanism and the proposed EMS were evaluated using real-world driving profiles. Results suggest the established confidence mechanism accurately represents the DRL’s performance across different situations. In addition, the proposed EMS outperforms existing DRL-based EMS by 4.0% in hydrogen economy without compromising other objectives. The comprehensive architecture of the proposed amalgamation of data-driven and knowledge-driven methodologies can be effectively tailored to analogous energy management problems, thereby contributing to advancements in related fields.

Suggested Citation

  • Wu, Jingda & Huang, Chao & He, Hongwen & Huang, Hailong, 2024. "Confidence-aware reinforcement learning for energy management of electrified vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:191:y:2024:i:c:s1364032123010122
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.114154
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032123010122
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114154?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Marc G. Bellemare & Salvatore Candido & Pablo Samuel Castro & Jun Gong & Marlos C. Machado & Subhodeep Moitra & Sameera S. Ponda & Ziyu Wang, 2020. "Autonomous navigation of stratospheric balloons using reinforcement learning," Nature, Nature, vol. 588(7836), pages 77-82, December.
    2. Zachary P. Cano & Dustin Banham & Siyu Ye & Andreas Hintennach & Jun Lu & Michael Fowler & Zhongwei Chen, 2018. "Batteries and fuel cells for emerging electric vehicle markets," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 3(4), pages 279-289, April.
    3. Qi, Chunyang & Song, Chuanxue & Xiao, Feng & Song, Shixin, 2022. "Generalization ability of hybrid electric vehicle energy management strategy based on reinforcement learning method," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C).
    4. Jia, Chunchun & Zhou, Jiaming & He, Hongwen & Li, Jianwei & Wei, Zhongbao & Li, Kunang & Shi, Man, 2023. "A novel energy management strategy for hybrid electric bus with fuel cell health and battery thermal- and health-constrained awareness," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    5. Ganesh, Akhil Hannegudda & Xu, Bin, 2022. "A review of reinforcement learning based energy management systems for electrified powertrains: Progress, challenge, and potential solution," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    6. Lork, Clement & Li, Wen-Tai & Qin, Yan & Zhou, Yuren & Yuen, Chau & Tushar, Wayes & Saha, Tapan K., 2020. "An uncertainty-aware deep reinforcement learning framework for residential air conditioning energy management," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    7. Wu, Jingda & He, Hongwen & Peng, Jiankun & Li, Yuecheng & Li, Zhanjiang, 2018. "Continuous reinforcement learning of energy management with deep Q network for a power split hybrid electric bus," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C), pages 799-811.
    8. Wang, Jing & Kang, Lixia & Liu, Yongzhong, 2020. "Optimal scheduling for electric bus fleets based on dynamic programming approach by considering battery capacity fade," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 130(C).
    9. Zhang, Wei & Wang, Jixin & Xu, Zhenyu & Shen, Yuying & Gao, Guangzong, 2022. "A generalized energy management framework for hybrid construction vehicles via model-based reinforcement learning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    10. Han, Xuefeng & He, Hongwen & Wu, Jingda & Peng, Jiankun & Li, Yuecheng, 2019. "Energy management based on reinforcement learning with double deep Q-learning for a hybrid electric tracked vehicle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Matteo Acquarone & Claudio Maino & Daniela Misul & Ezio Spessa & Antonio Mastropietro & Luca Sorrentino & Enrico Busto, 2023. "Influence of the Reward Function on the Selection of Reinforcement Learning Agents for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Real-Time Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-22, March.
    2. Daniel Egan & Qilun Zhu & Robert Prucka, 2023. "A Review of Reinforcement Learning-Based Powertrain Controllers: Effects of Agent Selection for Mixed-Continuity Control and Reward Formulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-31, April.
    3. Feng, Zhiyan & Zhang, Qingang & Zhang, Yiming & Fei, Liangyu & Jiang, Fei & Zhao, Shengdun, 2024. "Practicability analysis of online deep reinforcement learning towards energy management strategy of 4WD-BEVs driven by dual-motor in-wheel motors," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    4. Pang, Kexin & Zhou, Jian & Tsianikas, Stamatis & Coit, David W. & Ma, Yizhong, 2024. "Long-term microgrid expansion planning with resilience and environmental benefits using deep reinforcement learning," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    5. Huang, Ruchen & He, Hongwen & Zhao, Xuyang & Wang, Yunlong & Li, Menglin, 2022. "Battery health-aware and naturalistic data-driven energy management for hybrid electric bus based on TD3 deep reinforcement learning algorithm," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 321(C).
    6. Zhou, Jianhao & Xue, Yuan & Xu, Da & Li, Chaoxiong & Zhao, Wanzhong, 2022. "Self-learning energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicle via curiosity-inspired asynchronous deep reinforcement learning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C).
    7. Dong, Peng & Zhao, Junwei & Liu, Xuewu & Wu, Jian & Xu, Xiangyang & Liu, Yanfang & Wang, Shuhan & Guo, Wei, 2022. "Practical application of energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicles based on intelligent and connected technologies: Development stages, challenges, and future trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 170(C).
    8. Marouane Adnane & Ahmed Khoumsi & João Pedro F. Trovão, 2023. "Efficient Management of Energy Consumption of Electric Vehicles Using Machine Learning—A Systematic and Comprehensive Survey," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-39, June.
    9. Hu, Dong & Xie, Hui & Song, Kang & Zhang, Yuanyuan & Yan, Long, 2023. "An apprenticeship-reinforcement learning scheme based on expert demonstrations for energy management strategy of hybrid electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 342(C).
    10. Kunyu Wang & Rong Yang & Yongjian Zhou & Wei Huang & Song Zhang, 2022. "Design and Improvement of SD3-Based Energy Management Strategy for a Hybrid Electric Urban Bus," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-21, August.
    11. Gao, Qinxiang & Lei, Tao & Yao, Wenli & Zhang, Xingyu & Zhang, Xiaobin, 2023. "A health-aware energy management strategy for fuel cell hybrid electric UAVs based on safe reinforcement learning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    12. Alessia Musa & Pier Giuseppe Anselma & Giovanni Belingardi & Daniela Anna Misul, 2023. "Energy Management in Hybrid Electric Vehicles: A Q-Learning Solution for Enhanced Drivability and Energy Efficiency," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-20, December.
    13. Shuai, Bin & Zhou, Quan & Li, Ji & He, Yinglong & Li, Ziyang & Williams, Huw & Xu, Hongming & Shuai, Shijin, 2020. "Heuristic action execution for energy efficient charge-sustaining control of connected hybrid vehicles with model-free double Q-learning," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
    14. Xu, Bin & Rathod, Dhruvang & Zhang, Darui & Yebi, Adamu & Zhang, Xueyu & Li, Xiaoya & Filipi, Zoran, 2020. "Parametric study on reinforcement learning optimized energy management strategy for a hybrid electric vehicle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    15. Sun, Alexander Y., 2020. "Optimal carbon storage reservoir management through deep reinforcement learning," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).
    16. Yang, Ningkang & Han, Lijin & Xiang, Changle & Liu, Hui & Li, Xunmin, 2021. "An indirect reinforcement learning based real-time energy management strategy via high-order Markov Chain model for a hybrid electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
    17. Wang, Yue & Li, Keqiang & Zeng, Xiaohua & Gao, Bolin & Hong, Jichao, 2023. "Investigation of novel intelligent energy management strategies for connected HEB considering global planning of fixed-route information," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PB).
    18. Xiao, Boyi & Yang, Weiwei & Wu, Jiamin & Walker, Paul D. & Zhang, Nong, 2022. "Energy management strategy via maximum entropy reinforcement learning for an extended range logistics vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C).
    19. Zhang, Hailong & Peng, Jiankun & Tan, Huachun & Dong, Hanxuan & Ding, Fan & Ran, Bin, 2020. "Tackling SOC long-term dynamic for energy management of hybrid electric buses via adaptive policy optimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    20. Du, Guodong & Zou, Yuan & Zhang, Xudong & Guo, Lingxiong & Guo, Ningyuan, 2022. "Energy management for a hybrid electric vehicle based on prioritized deep reinforcement learning framework," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:191:y:2024:i:c:s1364032123010122. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.