IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/proeco/v268y2024ics0925527323003328.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Examining the impact of market power discrepancy between supply chain partners on firm financial performance

Author

Listed:
  • Gu, Jing
  • Shi, Xinyu
  • Wang, Junyao
  • Xu, Xun

Abstract

Market power reflects a firm's competitive advantage and plays an important role in its performance. However, in a buyer-supplier relationship, how the asymmetric market power between a firm and its partners affects the firm financial performance remains an open question. This study investigates the impact of market power discrepancy (MPD) between a focal firm and its supply chain partners on the focal firm's financial performance, as measured by return on assets (ROA). With empirical evidence from China's listed firms between 2001 and 2021, we find that a higher MPD between the firm and its supplier or the firm and its customer negatively affects the firm's financial performance. A supplier or customer that has a matched market power with the firm is the best candidate for building a relationship. In addition, our findings suggest that the strength of the buyer–supplier relationship amplifies the negative impact of MPD on the firm's financial performance, whereas the level of relationship embeddedness reduces the MPD's negative effect. Moreover, our findings suggest that firm-specific institutional, industry, and regional economic heterogeneities affect the MPD's financial impact. Further, we find that MPD not only negatively affects a firm's financial performance but also worsens its environmental, social, and corporate governance performance. Our study recommends that firms should alleviate the asymmetry of market power with their partners and leverage the relationship dependence to balance power and benefits.

Suggested Citation

  • Gu, Jing & Shi, Xinyu & Wang, Junyao & Xu, Xun, 2024. "Examining the impact of market power discrepancy between supply chain partners on firm financial performance," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:proeco:v:268:y:2024:i:c:s0925527323003328
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2023.109100
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925527323003328
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.ijpe.2023.109100?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Boldrin, Michele & Levine, David K., 2008. "Perfectly competitive innovation," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 55(3), pages 435-453, April.
    2. Hee Sub Byun & Ji Hye Lee & Kyung Suh Park, 2018. "Product Market Competition and the Ownership Choice of Business Groups: Evidence from Korean Chaebols," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 54(1), pages 100-131, January.
    3. Adalto Barbaceia Gonçalves & Rafael Schiozer & Hsia Hua Sheng, 2018. "Trade Credit and Product Market Power during a Financial Crisis," Working Papers CEB 18-004, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    4. Antonio Capaldo, 2007. "Network structure and innovation: The leveraging of a dual network as a distinctive relational capability," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(6), pages 585-608, June.
    5. Berger, Allen N, 1995. "The Profit-Structure Relationship in Banking--Tests of Market-Power and Efficient-Structure Hypotheses," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 27(2), pages 404-431, May.
    6. Haw, In-Mu & Hu, Bingbing & Lee, Jay Junghun, 2015. "Product market competition and analyst forecasting activity: International evidence," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 48-60.
    7. Chortareas, Georgios & Noikokyris, Emmanouil & Rakeeb, Fathima Roshan, 2021. "Investment, firm-specific uncertainty, and market power in South Africa," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 389-395.
    8. Dasgupta, Sudipto & Zhang, Kuo & Zhu, Chenqi, 2021. "Do Social Connections Mitigate Hold-up and Facilitate Cooperation? Evidence from Supply Chain Relationships," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 56(5), pages 1679-1712, August.
    9. Li, Xiang & Li, Yongjian & Cai, Xiaoqiang, 2013. "Double marginalization and coordination in the supply chain with uncertain supply," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 226(2), pages 228-236.
    10. Georgios E. Chortareas & Jesus G. Garza‐Garcia & Claudia Girardone, 2011. "Banking Sector Performance in Latin America: Market Power versus Efficiency," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 15(2), pages 307-325, May.
    11. Xiangfeng Chen & Gangshu (George) Cai & Jing-Sheng Song, 2019. "The Cash Flow Advantages of 3PLs as Supply Chain Orchestrators," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 21(2), pages 435-451, May.
    12. Leong, Chee Kian & Yang, Yung Chiang, 2020. "Market competition and firms' social performance," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 601-612.
    13. Dhanora, Madan & Sharma, Ruchi & Khachoo, Qayoom, 2018. "Non-linear impact of product and process innovations on market power: A theoretical and empirical investigation," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 67-77.
    14. Joel F. Houston & Chen Lin & Zhongyan Zhu, 2016. "The Financial Implications of Supply Chain Changes," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 62(9), pages 2520-2542, September.
    15. Chen, Chung-Jen & Lin, Bou-Wen & Lin, Ya-Hui & Hsiao, Yung-Chang, 2016. "Ownership structure, independent board members and innovation performance: A contingency perspective," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(9), pages 3371-3379.
    16. Otchere, Isaac & Abukari, Kobana, 2020. "Are super stock exchange mergers motivated by efficiency or market power gains?," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    17. Aslam, Haris & Wanke, Peter & Khalid, Amna & Roubaud, David & Waseem, Maimoona & Chiappetta Jabbour, Charbel Jose & Grebinevych, Oksana & Lopes de Sousa Jabbour, Ana Beatriz, 2022. "A scenario-based experimental study of buyer supplier relationship commitment in the context of a psychological contract breach: Implications for supply chain management," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    18. Qianqian Huang & Ryoonhee Kim, 2019. "Capital structure decisions along the supply chain: Evidence from import competition," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 50(6), pages 873-894, August.
    19. Abdoh, Hussein & Varela, Oscar, 2017. "Product market competition, idiosyncratic and systematic volatility," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 500-513.
    20. Duru, Augustine & Iyengar, Raghavan J. & Zampelli, Ernest M., 2016. "The dynamic relationship between CEO duality and firm performance: The moderating role of board independence," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(10), pages 4269-4277.
    21. Juzhi Zhang & Suresh P. Sethi & Tsan‐Ming Choi & T.C.E. Cheng, 2022. "Pareto optimality and contract dependence in supply chain coordination with risk‐averse agents," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 31(6), pages 2557-2570, June.
    22. Jarrad Harford & Robert Schonlau & Jared Stanfield, 2019. "Trade Relationships, Indirect Economic Links, and Mergers," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 65(7), pages 3085-3110, July.
    23. Gutierrez, Rafael S. & Solis, Adriano O. & Mukhopadhyay, Somnath, 2008. "Lumpy demand forecasting using neural networks," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(2), pages 409-420, February.
    24. Isaac Elking & John-Patrick Paraskevas & Curtis Grimm & Thomas Corsi & Adams Steven, 2017. "Financial Dependence, Lean Inventory Strategy, and Firm Performance," Journal of Supply Chain Management, Institute for Supply Management, vol. 53(2), pages 22-38, April.
    25. Lan, Yanfei & Yan, Haikuan & Ren, Da & Guo, Rui, 2019. "Merger strategies in a supply chain with asymmetric capital-constrained retailers upon market power dependent trade credit," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 299-318.
    26. Maggie Chuoyan Dong & Zhiqiang Liu & Yimin Yu & Jin-Hui Zheng, 2015. "Opportunism in Distribution Networks: The Role of Network Embeddedness and Dependence," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 24(10), pages 1657-1670, October.
    27. Jan De Loecker & Jan Eeckhout & Gabriel Unger, 2020. "The Rise of Market Power and the Macroeconomic Implications [“Econometric Tools for Analyzing Market Outcomes”]," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 135(2), pages 561-644.
    28. Guilherme S. Martins & Luciano Rossoni & André L.C.M. Duarte & Ricardo S. Martins, 2017. "Supply chain relationships: exploring the effects of both relational and structural embeddedness on operational performance," International Journal of Procurement Management, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 10(5), pages 639-664.
    29. Pedersen, Lasse Heje & Fitzgibbons, Shaun & Pomorski, Lukasz, 2021. "Responsible investing: The ESG-efficient frontier," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 142(2), pages 572-597.
    30. Huo, Baofeng & Liu, Ruolei & Tian, Min, 2022. "The bright side of dependence asymmetry: Mitigating power use and facilitating relational ties," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 251(C).
    31. Gillan, Stuart L. & Koch, Andrew & Starks, Laura T., 2021. "Firms and social responsibility: A review of ESG and CSR research in corporate finance," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    32. Quélin, Bertrand & Duhamel, François, 2003. "Bringing Together Strategic Outsourcing and Corporate Strategy:: Outsourcing Motives and Risks," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 21(5), pages 647-661, October.
    33. Zhu, Minghao & Yeung, Andy C.L. & Zhou, Honggeng, 2021. "Diversify or concentrate: The impact of customer concentration on corporate social responsibility," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 240(C).
    34. Huo, Baofeng & Wang, Zhiqiang & Tian, Yu, 2016. "The impact of justice on collaborative and opportunistic behaviors in supply chain relationships," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 12-23.
    35. Yang, Huixiao & Luo, Jianwen & Zhang, Qinhong, 2018. "Supplier encroachment under nonlinear pricing with imperfect substitutes: Bargaining power versus revenue-sharing," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 267(3), pages 1089-1101.
    36. Florian Badorf & Stephan M. Wagner & Kai Hoberg & Felix Papier, 2019. "How Supplier Economies of Scale Drive Supplier Selection Decisions," Journal of Supply Chain Management, Institute for Supply Management, vol. 55(3), pages 45-67, July.
    37. D. Roubaud & M. Waseem & C.J. Chiappetta Jabbour & O. Grebinevych & Ana Beatriz Lopes de Sousa Jabbour & H. Aslam & P. Wanke & A. Khalid, 2022. "A Scenario-Based Experimental Study of Buyer Supplier Relationship Commitment in the Context of a Psychological Contract Breach: Implications for Supply Chain Management," Post-Print hal-04276055, HAL.
    38. Tim Rowley & Dean Behrens & David Krackhardt, 2000. "Redundant governance structures: an analysis of structural and relational embeddedness in the steel and semiconductor industries," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 21(3), pages 369-386, March.
    39. Liu, Xufeng & Wan, Die, 2023. "Retail investor trading and ESG pricing in China," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    40. Mottner, Sandra & Smith, Steve, 2009. "Wal-Mart: Supplier performance and market power," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 62(5), pages 535-541, May.
    41. Peter Moran, 2005. "Structural vs. relational embeddedness: social capital and managerial performance," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(12), pages 1129-1151, December.
    42. Peng, Xuan & Wang, Xiongyuan & Chan, Kam C., 2020. "Does supplier stability matter in initial public offering pricing?," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 225(C).
    43. Kadapakkam, Palani-Rajan & Oliveira, Mauro, 2021. "Binding ties in the supply chain and supplier capital structure," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 130(C).
    44. Dong-Young Kim & Bruce Fortado, 2021. "Outcomes of supply chain dependence asymmetry: a systematic review of the statistical evidence," International Journal of Production Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 59(19), pages 5844-5866, October.
    45. Ding, Feng & Liu, Qiliang & Shi, Hanzhong & Wang, Wenming & Wu, Shan, 2023. "Firms' access to informal financing: The role of shared managers in trade credit access," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    46. Wu, Ing-Long & Chuang, Cheng-Hung & Hsu, Chien-Hua, 2014. "Information sharing and collaborative behaviors in enabling supply chain performance: A social exchange perspective," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 122-132.
    47. Gu, Jing & Zhang, Fujuan & Xu, Xun & Xue, Chaokai, 2023. "Stay or switch? The impact of venture capitalists' movement across network communities on enterprises’ innovation performance," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    48. Renata P. Brito & Priscila L. S. Miguel, 2017. "Power, Governance, and Value in Collaboration: Differences between Buyer and Supplier Perspectives," Journal of Supply Chain Management, Institute for Supply Management, vol. 53(2), pages 61-87, April.
    49. Abdul Alhassan & Michael Tetteh & Freeman Brobbey, 2016. "Market power, efficiency and bank profitability: evidence from Ghana," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 49(1), pages 71-93, February.
    50. Wang, Wei & Zhang, Yue-Jun, 2022. "Does China's carbon emissions trading scheme affect the market power of high-carbon enterprises?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    51. Gelman, Michael & Khan, Zaheer & Shoham, Amir & Tarba, Shlomo Y., 2021. "Does local competition and firm market power affect investment adviser misconduct?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    52. Rahaman, Mohammad M. & Rau, P. Raghavendra & Zaman, Ashraf Al, 2020. "The effect of supply chain power on bank financing," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 114(C).
    53. Jeffrey H. Dyer & Harbir Singh & Prashant Kale, 2008. "Splitting the pie: rent distribution in alliances and networks," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(2-3), pages 137-148.
    54. Koch, Andrew & Panayides, Marios & Thomas, Shawn, 2021. "Common ownership and competition in product markets," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 139(1), pages 109-137.
    55. Masaaki Kotabe & Xavier Martin & Hiroshi Domoto, 2003. "Gaining from vertical partnerships: knowledge transfer, relationship duration, and supplier performance improvement in the U.S. and Japanese automotive industries," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 24(4), pages 293-316, April.
    56. Gu, Jing & Shi, Xinyu & Wang, Peini & Xu, Xun, 2022. "Examining the impact of upstream and downstream relationship stability and concentration on firms’ financial performance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 229-242.
    57. Hsiao-Hui Lee & Jianer Zhou & Jingqi Wang, 2018. "Trade Credit Financing Under Competition and Its Impact on Firm Performance in Supply Chains," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 20(1), pages 36-52, February.
    58. Feng, Jingwen & Goodell, John W. & Shen, Dehua, 2022. "ESG rating and stock price crash risk: Evidence from China," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 46(PB).
    59. Carter, Mary Ellen & Choi, Jen & Sedatole, Karen L., 2021. "The effect of supplier industry competition on pay-for-performance incentive intensity," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 71(2).
    60. Gonçalves, Adalto Barbaceia & Schiozer, Rafael F. & Sheng, Hsia Hua, 2018. "Trade credit and product market power during a financial crisis," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 308-323.
    61. Jung, Hae Won (Henny) & Subramanian, Ajay, 2017. "CEO talent, CEO compensation, and product market competition," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(1), pages 48-71.
    62. Senay Agca & Volodymyr Babich & John R. Birge & Jing Wu, 2022. "Credit Shock Propagation Along Supply Chains: Evidence from the CDS Market," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 68(9), pages 6506-6538, September.
    63. Nishant Dass & Jayant R. Kale & Vikram Nanda, 2015. "Trade Credit, Relationship-specific Investment, and Product Market Power," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 19(5), pages 1867-1923.
    64. Turk Ariss, Rima, 2010. "On the implications of market power in banking: Evidence from developing countries," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(4), pages 765-775, April.
    65. Abdul Latif Alhassan & Michael Lawer Tetteh & Freeman Owusu Brobbey, 2016. "Market power, efficiency and bank profitability: evidence from Ghana," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 49(1), pages 71-93, February.
    66. Yao, Xin & Huang, Ruting & Du, Kerui, 2019. "The impacts of market power on power grid efficiency: Evidence from China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 99-110.
    67. Rahaman, Mohammad M. & Zhang, Michael & Feng, Jiejian, 2022. "Two-sided market power and firm performance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 585-605.
    68. He, Feng & Du, Hanyu & Yu, Bo, 2022. "Corporate ESG performance and manager misconduct: Evidence from China," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    69. A. P. Lerner, 1934. "The Concept of Monopoly and the Measurement of Monopoly Power," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 1(3), pages 157-175.
    70. Felix Reimann & David J. Ketchen Jr., 2017. "Power in Supply Chain Management," Journal of Supply Chain Management, Institute for Supply Management, vol. 53(2), pages 3-9, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Huo, Baofeng & Liu, Ruolei & Tian, Min, 2022. "The bright side of dependence asymmetry: Mitigating power use and facilitating relational ties," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 251(C).
    2. Vera-Gilces, Paul & Camino-Mogro, Segundo & Ordeñana-Rodríguez, Xavier & Cornejo-Marcos, Gino, 2020. "A look inside banking profitability: Evidence from a dollarized emerging country," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 147-166.
    3. Babar, Md. & Habib, Ahsan, 2021. "Product market competition in accounting, finance, and corporate governance: A review of the literature," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    4. Gu, Jing & Shi, Xinyu & Wang, Peini & Xu, Xun, 2022. "Examining the impact of upstream and downstream relationship stability and concentration on firms’ financial performance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 229-242.
    5. Xie, Xiaofeng & Shi, Xinyu & Gu, Jing & Xu, Xun, 2023. "Examining the Contagion Effect of Credit Risk in a Supply Chain under Trade Credit and Bank Loan Offering," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    6. Zhang, Jiping & Mo, Haimiao & Hu, Zhijian & Zhang, Tianjiao, 2024. "The effect of stability and concentration of upstream and downstream relationships of focal firms on two-level trade credit," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).
    7. Ma³gorzata Olszak & Iwona Kowalska, 2021. "Do competition and market structure matter for sensitivity of bank profitability to business cycle?," Faculty of Management Working Paper Series 12021, University of Warsaw, Faculty of Management.
    8. James, Hui L., 2023. "Social capital and the riskiness of trade credit," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 39(C).
    9. Olszak, Małgorzata & Kowalska, Iwona, 2023. "Do competition and market structure affect sensitivity of bank profitability to the business cycle?," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    10. Liu, Xufeng & Wan, Die, 2023. "Retail investor trading and ESG pricing in China," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    11. Rahaman, Mohammad M. & Zhang, Michael & Feng, Jiejian, 2022. "Two-sided market power and firm performance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 585-605.
    12. Nathaniel Blankson & Godfred Amewu & Kenneth Ofori-Boateng & Kwame Adanu, 2022. "Banking reforms, efficiency and competition: new empirical evidence from a panel vector autoregressive analysis of Ghanaian banks," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 2(5), pages 1-24, May.
    13. Dong-Young Kim & Pengcheng Zhu & Wenli Xiao & Yen-Ting Lin, 2020. "Customer degree centrality and supplier performance: the moderating role of resource dependence," Operations Management Research, Springer, vol. 13(1), pages 22-38, June.
    14. Zhou, Zhongsheng & Li, Zhuo, 2023. "Corporate digital transformation and trade credit financing," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
    15. Ren, Xiaohang & Zeng, Gudian & Zhao, Yang, 2023. "Digital finance and corporate ESG performance: Empirical evidence from listed companies in China," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    16. Usman Bashir & Shoaib Khan & Abdulhafiz Jones & Muntazir Hussain, 2021. "Do banking system transparency and market structure affect financial stability of Chinese banks?," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 54(1), pages 1-41, February.
    17. James, Hui Liang & Ngo, Thanh & Wang, Hongxia, 2023. "The impact of more able managers on corporate trade credit," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 40(C).
    18. Liu, Min & Guo, Tongji & Ping, Weiying & Luo, Liangqing, 2023. "Sustainability and stability: Will ESG investment reduce the return and volatility spillover effects across the Chinese financial market?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 121(C).
    19. Rolf Färe & Shawna Grosskopf & Joaquín Maudos & Emili Tortosa-ausina, 2015. "Revisiting the quiet life hypothesis in banking using nonparametric techniques," Journal of Business Economics and Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(1), pages 159-187, February.
    20. Stefano Filomeni & Michele Modina & Elena Tabacco, 2023. "Trade credit and firm investments: empirical evidence from Italian cooperative banks," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 60(3), pages 1099-1141, April.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:proeco:v:268:y:2024:i:c:s0925527323003328. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ijpe .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.