Nonlinear behavior of tail risk resonance and early warning: Insight from global energy stock markets

This article calculates the tail risk of the global energy market and explores the nonlinear behavior of tail risk resonance at the global, regional and national levels from a dynamic perspective. Moreover, we apply various machine learning models to perform the experimental training on the drivers that affect tail risk resonance to establish a risk warning system. By simulation training and evaluation, we screen the optimal risk warning model and identify the important drivers of risk resonance in the energy market. The findings indicate that the energy system has a strong tail risk resonance phenomenon, and the occurrence of extreme events as well as a collapse in oil prices can significantly increase the system's risk resonance. The European region is the dominant risk emitter and the American region is the main risk receiver. The Russian-Ukrainian war significantly increased the risk resonance across regions. The Argentine energy market is the main receiver of tail risk and the US energy market is the primary sender of tail risk. By incorporating the risk factors into several machine learning models, the Random Forest model is found to provide effective early warning of tail risks. Additionally, importance analysis reveals that inflation levels, stock market volatility and trade policy changes are important factors affecting risk resonance in the energy market and have nonlinear effects on the risk resonance of the energy system.