Multi-information and epidemic coupling propagation considering indirect contact on two-layer networks

This research provides an in-depth examination of the interplay between diverse information propagation and epidemic spread within a two-layer network, placing particular emphasis on the implications of both direct and indirect modes of disease transmission. Individuals are categorized based on their susceptibility to and their capacity for disease propagation, while the influence of varying infection rates on epidemic expansion is investigated. Information is bifurcated into constructive narratives with beneficial outcomes, and detrimental narratives originating from rumors. The method of information dispersion incorporates considerations such as herd behavior, preventative costs, and individual risk perception. Utilizing the Microscopic Markov Chain Approach (MMCA), a dynamic equation is formulated to delineate epidemic propagation and the epidemic threshold for the proposed model is calculated. Results demonstrate that promoting swift dissemination of positive information, concurrently with curbing the spread of negative narratives, can appreciably mitigate epidemic proliferation. The findings also imply that facilitating access to beneficial information, minimizing the consequences of harmful narratives, decreasing prevention-related expenses, and enhancing personal risk perception can significantly reduce the ultimate magnitude of the epidemic. Notably, the study reveals that indirect contact can considerably augment epidemic spread. As the infection rate via indirect contact escalities, the extent of epidemic transmission broadens and the threshold for epidemic transmission diminishes.